By: Mate, Anjo Maurice B. Chua, Godfrey Hendrik C. Mariategue, John Paulo T.

1. Study on Determinants of Improving the Level of Service of LRT line 1 By: Mate, Anjo Maurice B. Chua, Godfrey Hendrik C. Mariategue, John Paulo T. Serrano, John Rennald D. Chan, Arnold L. Contrevida, Ralph Jason A.

2. Abstract • This paper describes a brief analysis on the choice of taking a train given the cost shouldered by the passenger due to delay in service and the option of taking other transportation services. • The study consists of collecting statistical data, and conducting survey on a typical day and time in a week. • The following statement is assumed in this study: A high level of service should always be implemented. • For passengers inconvenienced due to unwanted circumstances, there must be proper compensation.

3. INTRODUCTION • LRT Line 1 has been seen as an alternative transportation for everyday commuters. • The Light Rail Transit Authority (LRTA) was established on July 12 1980.

4. Features: • measures approximately 15 km. • 18 stations • operates with 32 trains, each, consisting of two articulated cars, carrying about 450,000 passengers daily. (as of 2008) • trains run at a 2 to 3 minute headway from 5:30 until 23:00

5. Research Problem • The study would like to give a value on why the passengers of the LRT would still prefer to acquire their services given that the entire system always suffer from technical difficulties and policies that are not being correctly implemented thus, creating a cost of delay and inconvenience to its passengers.

6. Objectives of the Study • The objective of the study is to determine the factors that affects Level of Service of LRT. Specific Objectives: • To study the current performance of the operation and services of LRT Line 1 • To identify the factors of delay of LRT 1 service.

7. Significance of the Study • The study gives a comprehensive understanding on why the passengers choose to avail the services of the LRT given the difficulties experienced when riding LRT compared to other available means of transportation. • The delay in service in LRT will be represented by a value which shall be computed through statistics. • The study will serve as reference to scholars or students who wish to pursue a study in the LRT system.

8. Scope and Limitation • The study will focus during the operation of LRT.

9. Definition of Terms • Level of Service (LOS) is a measure by which transportation planners determine the quality of service on transportation devices, or transportation infrastructure. • Light Rail Transit (LRT) is used to refer to modern streetcar/tram systems with rapid transit-style features that usually use electric rail cars operating mostly in private rights-of-way separated from other traffic but sometimes, if necessary, mixed with other traffic in city streets. • Time Cost is the cost per unit time

10. Analytical Framework Data Gathering on Selected Areas Number of Passengers Fares Passenger Profile Surveys Trip Purpose Travel Time Inconveniences Experienced Analysis Conclusion and Recommendation

11. Conceptual Framework LRT - 1 OPERATION SERVICE APPLICABILITY FACTORS IMPROVED LEVEL OF SERVICE

12. Study Area • Monumento Station

13. Monumento Station • One of the most crowded stations in terms of its number of passengers. • Vicinity of the station includes malls, schools, universities, churches, and markets. • It has the most number of guards that helps in the control of the operation in the station.

14. R. Papa Station

15. R. Papa Station • The lowest passenger count of all stations of Line 1. • The station’s vicinity includes stores and homes. • It also only has a few numbers of guards, ticket booths, and turnstiles.

16. Review of Related Literature • Kamid (1999) defines and analyzes the current relationship of the public transportation systems in Metro Manila. • Angulo (1990) argues that LRT Line 1 is a clear example of the government’s lack of foresight implementation since it has not provided adequate provisions for maintenance and improvement of affected areas. • Hosomi (1997) discusses the terminal areas in Metro Manila that has no enhancement facilities for promoting the smooth flow of transferring behaviors of passengers.

17. Hashimoto (2001) analyzes the travel demand along EDSA after MRT 3 begins operation and finds some effective measures for passengers to shift to use MRT. • Bayan (1995) characterizes of the cost of bus and jeepney transport systems from the viewpoint of the transport operators. • Doroy (1998) determines the willingness to pay attitude of private car owners to reduction in travel time and the factors that influence it like the choice of route between toll and ordinary roads. • Gibson, and Brian (1982) was commissioned to analyze how the presence of LRT would affect traffic operations.

18. Dallas Area Rapid Transit (2003) studied the impacts that would result from new light rail projects and included in the Environmental Impact Statement (EIS). • Dallas Area Rapid Transit (2003) utilized a queue analysis to see which crossings of signalized intersections might be affected by the proposed LRT Line.

19. Data Analysis and Presentation

20. Survey Forms • The following data were obtained from the survey conducted at LRT: • Demographic Profile • Reasons in riding LRT • Problems encountered in riding LRT • Recommendations of possible solutions to improve the level of service • Frequency of riding LRT

21. Demographic Profile • Figure 1 Respondents on weekdays

22. Respondents for Weekends • Figure 2

23. Figure 3 shows the trip purpose during weekdays. Trip Purpose

24. Figure 4 shows the trip purpose for weekends • The graph shows that majority is obtaining the services of LRT to go home then followed by to work or to school

25. Reasons for riding LRT • Shows the results on the question on why passengers ride LRT over other forms of transportation.

26. Figure 6 illustrates the reasons why people prefer acquiring the services of LRT during weekends. • Similar to the result during weekdays, respondents prefer to ride LRT since it is fast and reliable and also because of the convenient location of the station.

27. Figure 7 shows a graph on the problems experienced by riders during weekdays. The major problem that the riders experience was the long headway. Problems in riding LRT

28. Figure 8 shows problems experienced by riders during weekends.

29. The picture shows the people being stopped at the security check at the entrance of Monumento Station because the LRT cannot accommodate all the passengers due to overcrowding at the platform.

30. This is the actual ticket booth inside the Monumento Station. This is where passengers buy their tickets whether it is stored value card or a single journey ticket. As shown it has 5 booths with all tellers in it. This was taken at night time.

31. The picture illustrates passengers waiting for the light rail vehicle to arrive. This was taken at night time, it shows that the passenger can easily board the train due to low passenger count.

32. This is the actual shot taken inside the R. Papa Station. It shows that the security check is being implemented. In this picture we could actually confirm from the primary and secondary data that there are more passengers in Monumento Station.

33. The picture illustrates that there are only two ticket booths installed Inside the R. Papa station. Due to low passenger count

34. This is the actual turnstile at the R. Papa station. It only has few turnstile due to low passenger count. The picture show the easy access of the passengers to the platform because of the terminal not being crowded.

35. Conclusion and Recommendations

36. Summary of Findings • At the normal observation of LRT service, more students majority which represented 40% of the total respondents. • From the survey conducted, it was revealed that the trip purposes of respondents were: to work, to school, to home, to shop, to recreate. • Of the trip purposes, “to home” garnered the lion share of 41%. • The major reasons of respondents on riding LRT were: safety, comfort, convenience, security, and economics.

37. 5. The survey revealed that “long headway” is the most severe problem that the respondents experienced. 6. The respondents suggested that the following solutions can be implemented to improve the level of service of LRT: provide waiting area, additional turnstile, additional ticket booth, & additional tellers.

38. Conclusion • The factors of Level of Service: Safety, Convenience, Comfort, Security and Economics. • Based on its performance, it serves its purpose on moving people and goods. • The LRT is a inevitable as far as transport mode is concerned. • The factors of delay

39. Recommendation • An extensive study to account for the Level of Service considering the whole day of operation. • Disaggregate modeling. • LRT have a review on its daily operation. • An economic cost on headway is proposed.

40. REFERENCES • Kamid, Sahid A. “Estimating the Passengers’Mode Switching Behavior: The Case of Tamaraw FX” • Angulo, Cynthia G. “The LRT System: Its Implication on Public Policy Formulation”. 1990. • Hosomi, Akira. “An Analysis on the Locational and Functional Characteristics of Terminal areas in Metro Manila” • Hashimoto, Tsuyoshi. “Transferability of the 1987 LRT-Jeepney Mode Choice Model to the MRT 3 Passenger Demand Forecasting”. • Bayan, Josephine M. “Cost Characteristics of Bus and Jeepney Transport Systems in Metro Manila” • Doroy, Ramie B. “Willingness-to-Pay Attitude of Car Users on Toll Charges” • Gibson, Patrick A., and Brian B. Lin “Traffic Impacts of Light Rail Transit” • Dallas Area Rapid Transit. “Final Environmental Impact Statement and Section 4 (f) Statement” • Dallas Area Rapid Transit. “Southeast Corridor Light Rail Transit in Dallas County, Texas”

41. LRT Line 1 System – The Yellow Line. Accessed via Internet November 14, 2008 at http://www.lrta.gov.ph/line1_metrorail.htm • LRT–1 Guide. Accessed via Internet November 14, 2008 at http://www.yehey.com/mlrt/lrt1a.aspx

42. THANK YOU!!!!