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Policy and Planning for Diverse Leisure Participation

Explore the policies and planning considerations for gender, socio-economic status, ethnicity, disability, and age in leisure, sport, and tourism. Understand the challenges and opportunities for inclusive participation.

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Policy and Planning for Diverse Leisure Participation

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  1. CABI TOURISM TEXTS 4th EditionLeisure, Sport andTourism, Politics,Policy and Planning A. J. Veal COMPLEMENTARY TEACHING MATERIALS

  2. Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th Edition CHAPTER 17 Policy and Planning for Particular Groups Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

  3. Outline Introduction Gender Socio-economic status Ethnicity Disability Age Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

  4. Gender • For many aspects of leisure/sport/tourism, males and females have different behaviour patterns, attitudes and constraints. • Early research was considered ‘gender blind’.* • Recent research has sought to correct this. • But arguably not as true for Australia; see Veal, A.J. (2011) Leisure participation patterns and gender: the survey evidence on Australian adults. Annals of Leisure Research14(2–3), 107–128 Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

  5. Women and girls • In an equal society there would be few special ‘women’s needs’, but meanwhile key issues include: • childcare responsibilities • lack of childcare services at leisure facilities • after-dark security • access to facilities • Research highlights women’s lower participation in sport: • cultural expectations • poor access to facilities traditionally dominated by men’s organizations • lack of media coverage • There have been policy responses from organizations such as Sport England. • In other sectors, women’s participation levels are similar to, or higher than, those of males (see Veal, 2011): • e.g. arts, informal outdoor recreation, tourism Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

  6. Men and boys • A number of issues have arisen in recent years in relation to boys: • whether risk-reduced approaches to physical activities meets boys’ developmental needs • lack of male role models at primary school level • in families where parents are separated/divorced, the father is seen only as being associated with leisure • In relation to men: • the fathering role and leisure • traditional and stereotypical ‘masculinities’ and leisure role expectations Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

  7. Gays/lesbians • Leisure of gays/lesbians emerged in recent years as a focus of research. • While there are major general public policy issues in regard to rights and discrimination, few implications for traditional public leisure provision areas have been highlighted in the research literature. Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

  8. Socio-economic status • Primarily, occupational status of those in employment and their dependants • Sometimes referred to as ‘class’ or ‘social class’ or socio-economic group (SEG) • Correlated with wealth/income and other factors – education and general lifestyle • Leisure aspects revealed, in part, in household expenditure data (see Table 17.1) • note how differences influenced by household size Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

  9. Household expenditure, UK, 2007 (Table 15.1) Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

  10. Socio-economic status (cont’d) • Planning sometimes based primarily on SES – i.e. priority given to areas with low SES • This is a blunt instrument, because: • areas with high proportions of people in deprived categories may not have a majority in such groups • evidence of increased participation resulting from such policies is limited • people on low income may have other priorities than leisure provision • may neglect ‘public good’ policies, which apply to all Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

  11. Ethnicity • Ethnic group: a group with a common culture – so everyone belongs to an ethnic group, which may be a majority or minority • Policies often directed at enabling particular minority groups to participate • Current patterns of participation present a mixed picture Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

  12. Participation in sports and exercise: ethnic minority groups, England, 2004 (Table 17.2) Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

  13. Arts/culture attendance/participation by ethnicity, England, 2015–2016 (Table 17.3) Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

  14. Disability • Disabilities include: • mental illness • physical disability, including: • deafness • dumbness • blindness • nervous/musculo-skeletal • illnesses such as diabetes, asthma etc. • ‘Deinstitutionalization’ • people with severe disabilities previously living in and catered for by institutions now live in, and should be catered for by, the community Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

  15. Disability (cont’d) • A human rights approach, supported by: • UN declarations (see Ch. 4) • UK Disability Discrimination Act 1995 • Australian Disability Discrimination Act 1992 • Places an obligation on leisure/sport/tourism organizations to ensure access for people with disabilities • However, even with legal backing, some organizations are slow to comply. • A market approach notes that people with disabilities are an increasingly significant market • especially given the association of some disabilities with the ageing process. Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

  16. Age-related • Generations • Children • Youth • Elderly Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

  17. Summary of generations (Table 17.4) Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

  18. Children • Concerns about lack of physical activity (and poor diet) and increasing sedentary (screen-based) activity resulting in: • many children being overweight/obese • future health problems • Leisure-related data ambivalent Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

  19. Young people (5–14): leisure participation, Australia, 2003–09(Table 17.5) Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

  20. Youth • ‘Youth’ covers early teens to early 20s • Provision for young people is one of the key historical origins of public leisure services – linked to the prevention of juvenile crime. • Current concerns with: • drug use • excessive screen-based leisure (as opposed to physical activity) Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

  21. Youth (cont’d) • There is considerable research on youth and leisure, subcultures, etc. • But it quickly becomes dated with changing lifestyles • Traditional ‘youth’ facility is the ‘youth club’: • often caters only for a minority • unlike adult provision, typically there is only one youth club in any given community Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

  22. The elderly • Ageing of the population is a worldwide phenomenon, especially in developed economies – see Fig. 13.1. • Changing profile: • fitter, due to improved diet etc. • wealthier due to superannuation • including younger people due to early retirement • Community benefits from providing facilities for the elderly: • improved health, mental and physical Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

  23. The elderly (cont’d) • The elderly are able to make use of facilities in off-peak times or seasons. • ‘Continuity theory’ suggests that many elderly do not take up new leisure activities after retirement; • suggesting it is desirable to develop a leisure repertoire earlier in life. Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

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