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Heavy Ions Collisions (results and questions)

Heavy Ions Collisions (results and questions). Anatoly Litvinenko. litvin@moonhe.jinr.ru. 1. Outline. Ядерная материя при большой плотности энергии Новое фазовое состояние – легко верится. Workshop on Heavy Ions , New York, Nov. 29 - Dec 1, 1974.

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Heavy Ions Collisions (results and questions)

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  1. Heavy Ions Collisions (results and questions) Anatoly Litvinenko litvin@moonhe.jinr.ru 1

  2. Outline. Ядерная материя при большой плотности энергии Новое фазовое состояние – легко верится Workshop on Heavy Ions, New York, Nov. 29 - Dec 1, 1974. The name ”Quark Gluon Plasma” was coined by Eduard Shuryak in1978. 2

  3. The conception of the phase diagram of QCD as a function of time L. McLerran and N. Samios 3

  4. 5 5

  5. Lattice QCD Frithjof Karsch, arXiv:hep-lat/0106019v2 (2001) F. Karsch, Lecture Notes in Physics 583 (2002) 209. 6 6

  6. Space-time structure of heavy ions collisions kineticfreeze-out (no collisions) Chemical freeze-out (no particles production) Parton-parton interaction Initial inelastic collisions

  7. Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) 8 8

  8. 2 rings, 3.8 km circumference. Polarized p and Nucleus up to Au. Top energies (each beam): 100 GeV/nucleon Au-Au. 250 GeV polarized p-p. NIM, v.499, p. 235-880, (2003) 9 9

  9. STAR

  10. The PHENIX Detector Детектор PHENIX регистрирует различные частицы после столкновения: фотоны, электроны, мюоны и адроны (пионы и протоны).

  11. The PHOBOS Detector Spectrometer Vertex 1m Octagon Paddle Trigger Counter Ring Counters Cerenkov Counter 137000 Silicon Pad Channels ZDC ZDC DX magnet DX Magnet 12m Be Beampipe

  12. 95° h=0 30° 2.3° h=2 30° 15° The BRAHMS Experiment

  13. LHC

  14. 15 15

  15. Questions have to be answered Can we achieve high energy density in nuclear-nuclear collisions ? What is the baryon density for hadronic matter created? Whether thermodynamic equilibrium is established? Related question Can we make conclusion about this from experiment? 16 16

  16. STAR EVENTS http://www.star.bnl.gov/ Central Au+Au(200 GeV) p+p(200 GeV) 17

  17. s

  18. QUESTION I(a) How much energy is lost by primary hadrons? What is barion density of produсed hadronic matter? Can we make some conclusion from experiment? 19 19

  19. Stopping power Net protons distribution 20 BRAHMS collaboration PRL 93, 1020301 (2004),

  20. Stopping power BRAHMS collaboration PRL 93, 1020301 (2004), 21

  21. QUESTION I(b) Can we have high energy density in nuclear-nuclear collisions ? Can we make some conclusion from experiment? 22

  22. Energy density and Bjorken equation 23 23

  23. Dependence on centrality of charged hadron density S.S. Adleret al., Phys. Rev. C 71, 034908 (2005) 24

  24. Dependence on pseudorapidity of charged hadron B. Alver et al. Phys. Rev. C 83, 024913 (2011)PHOBOS Coll. Not to be confuse - it is a different distribution

  25. Dependence on pseudorapidity of charged hadron The CMS collaboration, J.High Energy Phys 08, p.141 (2011)

  26. Dependence on pseudorapidity of charged hadron The CMS collaboration, J.High Energy Phys 08, p.141 (2011) «LHC multiplicity is two times greater than at RHIC»

  27. Dependence on centralty of charged hadron S.S. Adleret al., Phys. Rev. C 71, 034908 (2005)

  28. S.S. Adleret al., Phys. Rev. C 71, 034908 (2005)

  29. 31 31

  30. QUESTION I(b) Can we have high energy density in nuclear-nuclear collisions ? Can we make some conclusion from experiment? Yes! For RHIC and LHC energy 32

  31. QUESTION II Is equilibrium state of hot and dense hadronic matter achieved? What is conclusions from experiment? 33

  32. QUESTION II Is equilibrium state of hot and dense hadronic matter achieved? • The possible observable • Particle ratios • Particle spectra • Collective flows • … ? 34 34

  33. Particle ratio and statistical models • One assumes that particles are produced by a thermalizedsystem with temperature T and baryon chemical potential • The number of particles of mass mper unit volume is : These models reproduce the ratios of particle yields withonly two (or three )parameters 35 35

  34. Particle ratios and statistical model(s) Peter Braun-Munzinger, Krzysztof Redlich, Johanna Stachel arXiv:nucl-th/0304013v1, (2003) «Of particular interest is the extent towhich the measured particle yields are showing equilibration.» Estimation of equlibration time for RHIC and LHC (have to be studied) R. Baier, A.H. Mueller, D. Schiff, and D.T. Son, Phys. Lett. B 502(2001)51; Nucl. Phys. A698 (2002) 217. 36 36

  35. A. Tawfik ; arXiv:hep-ph/0508244v3 22 Mar 2006 STAR Coll., Nucl. Phys. A 757 (2005) 102 • Statistical methods have become an important tool to study the properties • of the fireball created in high energy heavy ion collisions, where they • succeed admirably in reproducing measured yield ratios. • Can this success betaken as evidence that the matter produced in these collisions has reached thermal and chemical equilibrium? • Can the temperature and chemical potential values extracted from such statistical model fits be interpreted as theequilibrium properties of the collision matter?

  36. Particle ratios S. S. Adler, et al., Phys. Rev. C69 (2004) 034909 38 38

  37. Particle ratios and statistical models chemical freeze-out Nucl. Phys. A758, No.1-2, p.184, (2005) 39 39

  38. Particle ratios and statistical models 40 40

  39. Particle ratios and statistical models 41 41

  40. Peter Braun-Munzinger, Krzysztof Redlichb, Johanna Stachel arXiv:nucl-th/0304013 v1 3 Apr 2003 42

  41. Low energy (NA49) Katarzyna Grebieszkowfor the NA49 and the NA61 Collaborations ACTA PHYSICA POLONICA Vol. B41, No 2,p.427 (2010)

  42. Particle (hadrons) spectra kinetic freeze-out 44 44

  43. Particle (hadrons) spectra R. Stock; «Quark Matter 99 Summary: Hadronic Signals» arXiv:hep-ph/9911408v1 19 Nov 1999 45 45

  44. BorisTomasic, arXiv:nucl-th/0304079 v1 25 Apr 2003 blast-wave model Pions, nucleons and also kaons decouple all quite suddenly from the whole transverse profile of the fireball. For all of them the freeze-out happens at the same proper time, measured in a frame that co-moves longitudinally with the fluid element of the expanding firebal The radial density distribution at the freeze-out is uniform. Longitudinal expansion is boost-invariant. In this study, the transverse expansion is parametrized through rapidity, which depends linearly on the radial coordinate. 46

  45. BorisTomasic, arXiv:nucl-th/0304079 v1 25 Apr 2003 47

  46. Particle (hadrons) spectra A Iordanova (for the STAR Collaboration);J. Phys. G35, p.044008, (2008 48 48

  47. Elliptic flow • For big value of elliptic flow you need to save space anisotropy for a long enough time • The value of elliptic flow is sensitive to the Equation of State (EoS) Importance of elliptic flow • Gives information about equilibration time • Gives information about EoS On the next slides it is shown how ensemble of free streaming particles loses its space eccentricity 50 50

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