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Classification & the New Taxonomy

Classification & the New Taxonomy. Chapters 25 – 35. Solar System. Finding commonality in variety. Earth. Organisms classified from most general group, domain , down to most specific, species domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species. No. America. U. S. N. Y. L. I.

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Classification & the New Taxonomy

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  1. Classification & the New Taxonomy Chapters 25 – 35

  2. Solar System Finding commonality in variety Earth • Organisms classified from most general group, domain, down to most specific, species • domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species No. America U. S. N. Y. L. I. Nassau Co. use the mnemonic! Levittown

  3. Eukaryote Prokaryote Archaebacteria&Bacteria Classification • Old 5 Kingdom system • Monera, Protists, Plants, Fungi, Animals • New 3 Domain system • reflects a greater understanding of evolution & molecular evidence • Prokaryote: Bacteria • Prokaryote: Archaebacteria • Eukaryotes • Protists • Plants • Fungi • Animals

  4. KingdomBacteria KingdomArchaebacteria KingdomProtist KingdomFungi KingdomPlant KingdomAnimal

  5. The Evolutionary Perspective

  6. Fungi Animalia Kingdoms absorptivenutrition ingestivenutrition Plantae autotrophs heterotrophs Protista uni- tomulticellular multicellular Eubacteria Archaebacteria prokaryotes eukaryotes Single-celled ancestor

  7. Domain Bacteria Domain Archaea Domain Eukarya Common ancestor Prokaryotes Domain Bacteria Domain Archaebacteria

  8. Bacteria live EVERYWHERE! • Bacteria live in all ecosystems • on plants & animals • in plants & animals • in the soil • in depths of the oceans • in extreme cold • in extreme hot • in extreme salt • on the living • on the dead Microbes alwaysfind a way tomake a living!

  9. Bacterial diversity rods and spheres and spirals… Oh My!

  10. eukaryote cell prokaryotecell Prokaryote Structure • Unicellular • bacilli, cocci, spirilli • Size • 1/10 size of eukaryote cell • 1 micron (1um) • Internal structure • no internal compartments • no membrane-bound organelles • only ribosomes • circular chromosome, naked DNA • not wrapped around proteins

  11. Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote Chromosome Prokaryote Eukaryote double helix

  12. mitochondria chloroplast Variations in Cell Interior cyanobacterium(photosythetic) bacterium aerobic bacterium internal membranesfor respirationlike a mitochondrion(cristae) internal membranesfor photosynthesislike a chloroplast(thylakoids)

  13. outer membrane of lipopolysaccharides Gram-negative bacteria Gram-positive bacteria peptide side chains outer membrane cell wall peptidoglycan cell wall peptidoglycan plasma membrane plasma membrane protein Prokaryote Cell Wall Structure That’simportant foryour doctorto know! peptidoglycan = polysaccharides + amino acid chains lipopolysaccharides = lipids + polysaccharides

  14. Prokaryotic metabolism • How do bacteria acquire their energy & nutrients? • photoautotrophs • photosynthetic bacteria • chemoautotrophs • oxidize inorganic compounds • nitrogen, sulfur, hydrogen… • heterotrophs • live on plant & animal matter • decomposers & pathogens

  15. Genetic variation in bacteria • Mutations • bacteria can reproduce every 20 minutes • binary fission • error rate in copying DNA • 1 in every 200 bacteria has a mutation • you have billions of E. coli in your gut! • lots of mutation potential! • Genetic recombination • bacteria swap genes • plasmids • small supplemental circles of DNA • conjugation • direct transfer of DNA conjugation

  16. Bacteria as pathogens • Disease-causing microbes • plant diseases • wilts, fruit rot, blights • animal diseases • tooth decay, ulcers • anthrax, botulism • plague, leprosy, “flesh-eating” disease • STDs: gonorrhea, chlamydia • typhoid, cholera • TB, pneumonia • lyme disease

  17. Bacteria as beneficial (& necessary) • Life on Earth is dependent on bacteria • decomposers • recycling of nutrients from dead to living • nitrogen fixation • only organisms that can fix N from atmosphere • needed for synthesis of proteins & nucleic acids • plant root nodules • digest cellulose (E. coli) • digest cellulose for herbivores • cellulase enzyme • produce vitamins K & B12 for humans • produce foods & medicines • from yogurt to insulin

  18. Got any Questions?? Ask da’ BacterialBoss!

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