Nursing as a Profession

1. Nursing as a Profession Introduction to Nursing Profession (NURS 210)

2. Learning Outcomes • Differentiate among the meanings of Profession, Professionalism and Professionalization. • Discuss the criteria of a profession of nursing. • Compare between discipline and profession in nursing. • Discuss Benner's levels of nursing expertise as a model of socialization in nursing. • Describe factors influencing contemporary nursing practice. • Explain the functions of national and international nurses' associations.

3. Did you read about !

4. Profession An occupation that requires extensive education or a calling that requires special knowledge, skill, and preparation.

5. Generally distinguished from other kinds of occupations by: • its requirement of prolonged, specialized training to acquire a body of knowledge pertinent to the role to be performed; • An orientation of the individual toward service, either to a community or to an organization; • Ongoing research; • A code of ethics; • Autonomy; and • A professional organization.

6. Professionalism • A professional character, spirit, or methods. • It is a set of attributes, a way of life that implies responsibility and commitment. • Nursing professionalism owes much to the influence of Florence Nightingale.

7. Professionalization The process of becoming professional, that is, of acquiring characteristics considered to be professional.

8. Criteria of a Profession What are the different criteria of a profession

9. Criteria of a Profession • Specialized education • the trend in education for the professions has shifted toward programs in colleges and universities. • The undergraduate nursing curriculum should include liberal arts education in addition to the biologic and social sciences and the nursing discipline. • Hospital diploma, associate degree, baccalaureate degree, master's degree, and doctoral degree

10. Criteria of a Profession (Cont.) • Body of Knowledge As a profession, nursing is establishing a well-defined body of knowledge and expertise. Conceptual frameworks contribute to the knowledge base of nursing and give direction to nursing practice, education, and ongoing research.

11. Criteria of a Profession (Cont.) • Service Orientation • It differentiates nursing from an occupation pursued primarily for profit. • Many consider altruism (selfless concern for others) the hallmark of a profession. • Nursing is serving others. This service must be guided by certain rules, policies, or codesof ethics. • Today, nursing is an important component of the health care delivery system.

12. Criteria of a Profession (Cont.) • Ongoing Research: In the 1940s, nursing research in early stage of development. In the 1950s, increased funding and professional support, centers for nursing research established, directed at the study of nursingeducation. In the 1960s, studies related to the nature of the knowledge base underlying nursing practice. Since the 1970s, nursing research focused on practice-related issues.

13. Criteria of a Profession (Cont.) • Code of Ethics: • Nurses are expected to do what is considered right regardless of the personal cost. • Nursing has developed its own codes of ethics, to be as means to monitor the professional behavior of its members.

14. Criteria of a Profession (Cont.) • Autonomy • Self-regulating • Setting standards for members • Independence at work, responsibility, accountability for one's actions

15. Criteria of a Profession (Cont.) • Professional organization • Governance: the establishment and maintenance of social, political, and economic arrangements by which practitioners control their practice, their self-discipline, their working conditions, and their professional affairs.

16. Criteria of a Profession (Cont.) • Professional organization (Cont.) • The ANA is a professional organization that advances the nursing profession by: • Fostering high standards of nursing practice, • Promoting the rights of nurses in the workplace, • Projecting a positive and realistic view of nursing, and • Raise awareness on health care issues affecting nurses and the public.

17. Discipline Vs Profession What is the difference between discipline and profession

18. Discipline Vs Profession • Discipline is specific to academia and a branch of education, a department of learning or field of knowledge. • Profession refers to specialized field of practice, which is founded upon the theoretical structure of the science or knowledge of that discipline and the accompanying practice abilities.

19. Socialization to Nursing Socialization The process by which people • Learn to become members of groups and society and, • Learn the social rules defining relationships into which they will enter.

20. Socialization to Nursing • Socialization Involves: • learning to behave, feel, and see the world in a manner similar to other persons occupying the same role as oneself. • The goal of professional socialization is to instill in individuals the norms, values, attitudes, and behaviors deemed essential for survival of the profession.

21. Benner's Stages of Nursing Expertise Various models of the socialization process have been developed. Benner’s model (2001) describes five levels of proficiency in nursing. • Stage I: Novice • Stage II: Advanced beginner • Stage III: Competent • Stage IV: Proficient • Stage V: Expert

22. Benner's Stages of Nursing Expertise (Cont.) STAGE I: NOVICE No experience (e.g., nursing student). Performance is limited, in- flexible, and governed by context-free rules and regulations rather than experience. STAGE II: ADVANCED BEGINNER Demonstrates marginally acceptable performance. Recognizes the meaningful “aspects” of a real situation. Has experienced enough real situations to make judgments about them. STAGE III: COMPETENT Has 2 or 3 years of experience. Demonstrates organizational and planning abilities. Differentiates important factors from less important aspects of care. Coordinates multiple complex care demands.

23. Benner's Stages of Nursing Expertise (Cont.) STAGE IV: PROFICIENT Has 3 to 5 years of experience. Perceives situations as wholes rather than in terms of parts, as in Stage II. Uses maxims as guides for what to consider in a situation. Has holistic understanding of the client, which improves decision making. Focuses on long-term goals. STAGE V: EXPERT Performance is fluid, flexible, and highly proficient; no longer requires rules, guidelines, or maxims to connect an understanding of the situation to appropriate action. Demonstrates highly skilled intuitive and analytic ability in new situations. Is motivated to take a certain action because “it felt right.”

24. Factors Influencing Nursing Practice • Requires an understanding of some of the social forces currently influencing nursing profession. These forces usually affect the entire health care system

25. 1. Health Care Reform • Transformation in health care delivery and financing systems accelerated in 2014. • Health care delivery’s focus has shifted from acute care to primary preventive care and treatment of chronic conditions using health care teams and information technology. • The Future of Nursing: Leading Change, Advancing Health • IOM report: Recommendations on how nursing could provide better client care in new systems: • Nurses practicing to the fullest extent of their skills and knowledge; • Nurses achieving higher levels of education; • Nurses being full partners with physicians and other health care professionals; and • Improving data collection and an information infrastructure (IOM, 2010).

26. 2. Quality and Safety in Health Care • Quality and Safety Education for Nurses (QSEN) called for redesign of the education • IOM six competencies • Patient-centered care • Teamwork and collaboration • Evidence-based practice • Quality improvement • Safety • Informatics

27. 3. Consumer Demands • Consumers more aware of others' needs for care (especially, Minority groups, poor) • Changing public concepts of health • Right of all people, not a privilege for the rich. • Consumers now are active participants in making decisions about health and nursing care

28. 4. Family Structure • Need for and provision of nursing services in context of new structures • Single parents rearing children • Young families living far from own parents All these types of families need specialized nursing services.

29. 5. Science and technology • Actions of new drug therapies, genetic technology • Some nurses required to be highly specialized. As technologies change, nursing education changes, and nurses require increasing education to provide effective, safe nursing practice. • Technology adapted into health care aids health care aids as the insulin infusion pump, the voice-controlled wheelchair, magnetic resonance imaging, laser surgery, intravenous fluid control devices, and monitoring systems for ICUs.

30. 6. Information, Telehealth, and Telenursing • Internet's influence on health care • Telehealth • Medical information exchanged via electronic communications to improve patient's health status • Telenursing • Provide nursing practice at a distance • No location boundaries !

31. 7. Legislation • Patient Self-Determination Act (PSDA) • Each patient's rights to accept or refuse medical care, use advance directives • Wide variation in regulation of nurse practitioner (NPs) practice • NPs cannot easily move from country to country without license exam!

32. 8. Demography • Study of population • Statistics about distribution by age, place of residence, mortality, morbidity • Total population in Saudi Arabia increasing • Population shifting from rural to urban • Many risk factors for death can be prevented (Maternal mortality !).

33. 9. The Current Nursing Shortage • Projected to intensify as baby boomers age • Shortage will be of peak By 2022 • Depends on location, setting • New graduates not being interviewed at hospitals for their reputation of high turnover rate!

34. 10. Collective Bargaining • ANA participates on behalf of nurses through economic, welfare programs • Economic concerns • Issues about safe care for clients, and themselves

35. Nursing Associations • Voluntary accreditation • Accreditation Commission for Education in Nursing (ACEN) • Commission on Collegiate Nursing Education (CCNE) • American Nurses Association—Political Action Committee • Organization to lobby for legislation affecting health care

36. Nursing Organizations • American Nurses Association • National professional organization for nursing in the U.S. founded 1896 • Official journal American Nurse Today • Official newspaper The American Nurse • National League for Nursing • Formed 1952 • Individuals and agencies • Continuing education services

37. Nursing Organizations • International Council of Nurses • Established 1899 • National organizations working together for mission of representing nursing worldwide • National Student Nurses Association • Formed in 1953 • Student must be in state-approved nursing education program to qualify

38. Nursing Organizations • International Honor Society: Sigma Theta Tau • Founded 1922 • Professional rather than social • Potential members hold bachelor's degree minimum, demonstrate achievement in nursing

39. Saudi Nursing Society • Objectives: • Develop a scientific thought in the field of nursing and work towards improving it. • Achieve a scientific communication between the committee members of Saudi Nursing Society. • Provide scientific counsels in the field of nursing. • Improve the scientific and professional performance of the Saudi Nursing Society Members. • Facilitate the exchange of scientific production and ideas in the field of Saudi Nursing Society interests between the relevant commissions and institutions within the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and abroad.