a. Light Microscopy (LM)

1. Cytology I. Introduction A. Definition B. How to Study? 1.Microscopy a. LightMicroscopy (LM) i. Advantages Magnification Resolution Depth of Field ii. Types

2. b. Electron Microscopy (EM) i. Advantages Magnification Resolution Depth of Field ii. Types TEM SEM

3. 2.Cell Fractionalization a. Technique b. Advantages i. Whole samples ii. Specificity iii. Starting Point

4. 3.Cell Staining a. Vital Staining forContrast b. Antibody Staining More Specific Contrast

5. A. Barrier II. Parts of a Cell 1.Cell Walls a. Prokaryotes b. Fungi

6. c. Plants Figure 3.7

7. B. Gate Keeper 1. Cell Membrane Figure 5.1 Figure 3.9

8. C. Cytosol = Cell Sap 1. Consistency like thickening Jell-O 2. Molecular make-up 92% is water, 7% protein, and the rest is gases, salts, lipids, and the like dissolved in the water

9. Representative Animal Cell Representative Plant Cell Figure 4.4A Figure 4.4B

10. D. Organelles = Cell Machinery 1. Membrane Bound a. Nucleus Figure 4.5 Envelope with pores, nucleolus, and chromatin

11. b. Endomembrane System = rER, sER, and Golgi Figure 4.8A Figure 4.5 Figure 4.9

12. c. House cleaners i. Lysosome ii. Peroxisome Figure 4.10B

13. d. Energy Transformers i. Chloroplast & ii. Mitochondria Figure 4.13 Figure 4.14

14. e. Vacuoles i. Animal Types = Food or Contractile ii. Plant Types = Central, Amyloplasts, & Chromoplasts

15. 2. Non-Membrane Bound a. Cytoskeleton Figure 4.16

16. b. Ribosomes c. Centriole Figure 6.11 Figure 4.6

17. E. Cellular Specializations 1. Microvilli = short non-moving membrane extensions to increase cell’s overall surface area Figure 4.17A 2. Cilia = long, moving internal cellular extensions to move something across the cell surface.

18. 3.Flagella = move the entire cell Figure 4.17C & 4.18

19. F. Intercellular Junctions Figure 4.21 1.Plants Figure 4.11 a. Tight Junctions 2.Animals b. Desmosomes c. Gap Junctions Figure 4.20

20. G. Extracellular Matrix Figure 4.19