DNA: life's code

1. DNA: life's code =

2. What does DNA mean? DNA= Deoxyribo-Nucleic Acid _____________

3. DNA looks like... A ladder twisted ...that has been __________ over and over. It's called a "________________" Double helix

4. What's its function? DNA makes up genes that determines the ______ of all living things….such as: traits Eye color, skin color, texture, freckles, hair color, style…etc

5. Makes up _____________ GENES Controls ____________ TRAITS DNA Forms _______________________ CHROMOSOMES NUCLEUS Found in the __________ of all cells

6. The code is found in the “________” of the ladder. Each rung is a combination of ______ ________________ bonded together. The Nitrogen bases are: C = CYTOSINE G = GUANINE T = THYMINE A = ADENINE RUNGS 2 nitrogen bases

7. How does the DNA code work?

8. “A” bonds ONLY with “___” T A T C G “C” bonds ONLY with “___” G A T A T G C G C C G This goes on for the entire length of the DNA molecule, which consists of __________ of nitrogen bases. T billions A

9. The Code The ____________________ in DNA will determine what the trait is. sequence of letters For example: Lets take a look at the letters of the alphabet… If you change the letters to “L O W” it no longer means… “O W L” means However… “A predatory bird” “A predatory bird”

10. Since DNA consists of billions of nitrogen bases, the amount of variation among organisms is HUGE. If you change only one letter, the entire code will be changed, and therefore the organism will be different!!

11. How are DNA & chromosomes related? • DNA makes up a _______________. • Chromosomes are found in the nucleus of every cell in the body!! chromosome

12. What is a gene? A gene is a ________________________that codes for one __________________. Small piece Of DNA gene specific trait 30,000 There are about __________ genes in an entire DNA molecule

13. Making proteins DNA RNA Protein ribosome nucleus (Physical trait) RNA is a “__________” molecule. It helps carry the DNA code to the __________ so it can make the protein. helper Skin color/texture Eye color/shape Height Bone density Hair texture Etc… ribosome DNA contains the code for what protein will be made by the cell

14. Mutations • When the sequence of letters is changed. Since the code no longer reads the correct way, the cell does not make the correct protein. • Consequently, a different trait may appear. • They are usually BAD Oops!!

15. Questions Deoxyribo-nucleic acid • What does DNA mean? _____________________________________ • Suppose one side of a DNA molecule had the bases • A-A-G-T-C- G- A-T-G-G-C-A-C-C. What would the other side of the DNA look like? ____________________________________________ • What is the function of RNA? _____________________________ • What is a mutation? ______________________________________ • What term best describes what a DNA looks like? _________________ • Explain the relationship between DNA, chromosomes, and genes? • __________________________________________________________ • If everyone consists of only 4 nitrogen bases (A-T-C-G), why are no two people alike? __________________________________ • How many chromosomes does a human have? ___________ • How many genes does a human have? ___________ • Therefore, approximately how many genes are on a single chromosome? ______ • If 24% of a DNA molecule is Adenine, what percent would be… • Thymine = ____% Guanine= _____% Cytosine= _____% T- T- C- A- G- C-- T- A- C- C- G- T- G-G carry the DNA code to the ribosome A random change in the DNA code Double helix A chromosomes is made up of DNA, which is consists of about 30,000 genes bc it’s the sequence of nitogen bases that makes us different 46 About 30,000 ~ 650 24 26 26

16. DNA in Review DNA MOLECULE _______________ (SHAPE) SIDE PARTS RUNG PARTS ___________ ___________ ___________ & ___________ ___________ ___________

17. What is the difference between a cell, nucleus, chromosome, genes, and DNA? How are they related?

18. WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN… Cell: ________________________________ Nucleus: ________________________________ Chromosome: _________________________________ Gene(s): _____________________________________ DNA: ________________________________________ How are they related? _____________________________ _______________________________________________

19. MUTATIONS CHANGE A MUTATION is any _________________ in copying the DNA message. CHANGE = WRONG ______________ A wrong base in the DNA gives the cell the wrong __________________. If a cell has the wrong message, the wrong type of ________________ is made. If the wrong protein is made, the wrong ________________ may appear. BASE PAIR MESSAGE PROTEIN TRAIT

20. CAUSES OF MUTATIONS • Simple copying mistakes during cell reproduction • A mutation causes a change in an offspring’s traits only when it takes place in the ___________________ sex cells. • Chemicals • _______________ • _______________ • Radiation • _______________ • _______________ PARENTS NICOTINE ASBESTOS SUN X-RAY __________________: Any agent that can cause alterations to DNA MUTAGEN

21. EFFECTS OF MUTATIONS HARMFUL MUTATIONS HELPFUL MUTATIONS Any trait that interferes with the ______________________ and _________________ of an organism. Any trait that enhances an organisms ability to______________________ and _________________ in its _____________________. REPRODUCTION REPRODUCE SURVIVAL SURVIVE ENVIRONMENT

22. CLONING • The term “clone” refers to organisms having ____________________ • Two “clones” are exact _______________ of each other. • Same _______ = Same __________ = Same _________ • Examples of clones: • a. _________________: form from the splitting of _____ fertilized egg • b. Clone organisms produced in ___________________ IDENTICAL DNA copies GENES TRAITS DNA IDENTICAL TWINS ONE LABORATORY

24. Cloning DNA 20 20 20 20 20 Remove Body Cells Dark Green Frog Insert Nucleus from Dark frog into egg of Light frog 10 10 Destroy Nucleus Remove Unfertilized Ovum Light Green Frog

25. What color frog do you get? Dark Green

26. Dolly