The Civil War

1. The Civil War R. M. Tolles Unit 6

2. Main Issues • Growing contradiction between white freedom and black slavery • Growing divide between north and south • Lack of compromise solutions • Southern secession vs. Union goals • Lincoln and Emancipation • Role of slaves in Civil War and emancipation • Course and outcome of the war • Main Issue: Would America live up to its ideals of freedom, equality, and democracy?

3. Free Soil North Ideological and Political Divisions Pro-Slavery South Slavery good institution Protected blacks Christian institution Profited whites White male political patriarchy States rights to protect slavery Western expansion of slavery • Northern states and territories stronger w/o slavery • Slavery morally and economically corrupt • Free Soil = land of free white laborers • Freedom from slavery, freedom for whites • Against western expansion of slavery

4. The North and Slavery • North and South were two different cultures in one country • North could not tolerate Slavery, and Southerners believed the north was sticking their nose where it doesn’t belong • Freeport Doctrine held that people in the territories could keep slavery out of their state by refusing to pass laws to regulate and enforce slavery. • North was still prejudice against African Americans, many northern workers feared the end of slavery would mean competition for northern jobs.

5. President Franklin Pierce – 14th President Millard Fillmore – 13th President James Buchanan – 15th

6. THE MISSOURI COMPROMISE(1820) • There was a great debate over where slavery would be allowed and where it would not. A debate occurred and finally a compromise was reached. It stated: 1.) Missouri entered as a slave state 2.) Maine entered as a free state. 3.) The 36’ 30’’ line is drawn. This line was suppose to decide whether slavery would be allowed in certain territories or not. • This compromise was effective for a number of years – almost thirty! However, after about 1850, problems began to occur and the compromise was less and less effective.

7. WILMOT PROVISO (1846) • This was a plan presented by David Wilmot, a Congressman from Pennsylvania, to stop the spread of slavery into the territories won from Mexico. • His plan PASSED the House but FAILED in the Senate. • His plan showed the power of the North. • His plan also made the South suspicious of the North’s intentions. http://www.wyalusing.net/poi/davidwilmot.html

8. Political Divisions: 3rd Party System • Solid South white male Democratic Party • Northern urban Democrats (immigrants/workers/Irish) • Constitutional Union Party (1860) – Whigs, Democrats, and Know-Nothings who supported Union, but didn’t want slavery to be major issue • New political party: Republican Party formed in 1854 by anti-slavery activists • Opposition to slavery in Kansas and Nebraska • Free Soil ideology • Pro-Union • Equal rights • Big Government for social and economic goals

9. FREE SOIL PARTY(1848) • This was a NEW political party formed in Buffalo, New York. • It was formed by Northerners who wanted to DISCUSS the issue of slavery. • This was the FIRST party formed that was a “sectional party” and they picked Martin Van Buren as their first candidate for President. • “Free Soil, Free Speech, Free Labor, and Free Men” • Endorsed the Wilmot Proviso encarta.msn.com/media http://www.wyalusing.net/poi/davidwilmot.html

10. Compromise of 1850 Henry Clay • 1849 – California ASKED to be a free state • 1. California as a free state • 2. New Mexico and Utah would decide for themselves • 3. Texas would release New Mexico for $10 Million • 4. Fugitive Slave Act – all US citizens would have to help return slaves – South wanted this the most.*

11. COMPROMISE OF 1850 • COMPROMISE AGAIN! • This time it includes 5 parts! • 1.) California enters as a FREE state. • 2.) Area from Mexican Cession divided into Utah and New Mexico. Slavery issue to be decided by POPULAR SOVEREIGNTRY. • 3.) ENDED slave trade in Washington D.C. • 4.) Made a STRICT Fugitive Slave Law • 5.) Settled boarder problems between New Mexico and Texas. • Again, problems better for a short period of time and then became worse. http://encarta.msn.com/media_461525447_761556943_-_1/Painting_of_a_Slave_Auction.html

12. FUGITIVE SLAVE LAW(1850) • This law was part of the compromise of 1850. • It was a law that REQUIRED citizens to catch runaway slaves. • If a person did not comply, they could be fined up to $1000 or put in jail for SIX months. • Judges received $10 if they returned a slave and $5 if they freed them. • MANY blacks who were free were captured and sent back into slavery. • Northerners HATED this law because it forced them to become a part of the system of slavery. http://search.eb.com/blackhistory/micro/222/8.html

13. UNCLE TOM’S CABIN(1852) • This was a NOVEL written by Harriett Beecher Stowe. • It was written to show the EVILS of slavery by telling the story of an older slave who was whipped to death by his owner. • After reading it, MANY Northerners began to change their view of slavery. • Southerners said the book was full of LIES!

14. KANSAS-NEBRASKA ACT (1854) Democratic senator Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois sponsored this bill. • Divides lands into Kansas and Nebraska territories. • Decided that SLAVERY issue would be decided by POPULAR SOVREIGNTY. • Led to violence in the Senate. Preston Brooks and Charles Sumner. • Pro-slavery and Anti-slavery settlers in ONE AREA and this leads to conflict! • Northerners believe this REPEALS the Missouri Compromise. • Bleeding Kansas – Gov.John Geary sends out 1,300 federal troops to stop violence http://encarta.msn.com/media

15. “The Crime Against Kansas” Sen. Charles Sumner(R-MA)‏ Congressman Preston Brooks(D-SC)‏

16. Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854

17. 1856 – Democrat James Buchanan became president • Dred Scott v. Sandford – Scott said he was a slave, taken to a free state. Said he was free. Supreme Court said “No”… making it impossible to ban slavery, and thus saying that the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional. Dred Scott v. Sandford, 1857

18. LINCOLN-DOUGLAS DEBATE(1858) • Lincoln and Douglas debated! • Douglas believed in deciding slavery by popular sovereignty. • Lincoln believed that slavery should NOT be allowed to spread into the territories. • Lincoln ALSO believed the Nation could not survive if the fighting continued to rip the Union apart with the slavery issue. http://encarta.msn.com/media

19. The Lincoln-Douglas (Illinois Senate) Debates, 1858 A House divided against itself, cannot stand.

20. “Bleeding Kansas” Border “Ruffians”(pro-slavery Missourians)‏

21. Kansas Turns Violent • People who opposed slavery were called Free Soilers • When a vote took place in Kansas, free soilers flooded into the state from the North, while pro-slavery people flooded in from Missouri. • Made two capitals (pro-Slavery at Lecompton and antislavery at Topeka)‏ • Southerners looted a anti-slavery newspaper building • John Brown (idiot believed that he was God’s chosen instrument to end slavery) responded by leading several settlers to the pro-slavery town of Potawatomie Creek on May 24, 1856 • Brown woke 5 families and made the families watch as they slaughtered the men • Murder and Raids immediately started in Kansas

22. John Brown: Madman, Hero or Martyr? Mural in the Kansas Capitol buildingby John Curry (20c)‏

23. “The Meteor of the War” • Harpers Ferry • Tried to start a Slave insurrection • John Brown tried to raid an arsenal to give weapons to slaves to rebel. • Robert E. Lee shut him down. Killing most of his men, and executing Brown • Would cause the rise of the Southern Militia, which would form the eventual Southern Army • Calls for open war and secession

24. The “Know-Nothings” [The American Party] • Nativists. • Anti-Catholics. • Anti-immigrants. 1849  Secret Order of the Star-Spangled Banner created in NYC.

25. ELECTION OF 1860 • Lincoln ran against Douglass in the Presidential Election of 1860. • The Southern states did not like Lincoln or what he believed in. They overwhelmingly supported Douglass yet Lincoln STILL got elected. • Southerners grew very angry. Said this showed it did not matter what their opinions were, the North had to much power! • Many Southerners talked of SECEDING from the Union. http://www.multied.com/elections/1860.html

26. 1860 Election Effects • Lincoln ran on nationalist platform – Union most important • But his anti-slavery views were well-known: slavery was immoral; eventually, nation would become all slave or all free • Lincoln won 1860 election, which was unacceptable to most southerners • Southern states rejected federal authority over slavery in any form – led to secession from Union • South Carolina first to secede from U.S. on Dec. 20, 1860, followed by MS, LA, GA, AL, FL – formed Confederacy • Secessionists rejected Lincoln’s offer of compromise in 1861 Inaugural Address: “no purpose, directly or indirectly, to interfere with slavery in the States where it exists.”

27. 1860 Presidential Election √Abraham LincolnRepublican John BellConstitutional Union Stephen A. DouglasNorthern Democrat John C. BreckinridgeSouthern Democrat

28. President Abraham Lincoln 16

29. The South Secedes • December 20, 1860 - South Carolina voted to succeed from the Union. • Senator John Crittenden(Kentucky) ties to extend the Missouri Compromise line to the West. (Fails) • February 1861 - Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, and Georgia. • February 4th, 1861 - Montgomery, Alabama the Confederate States of America is formed. • Jefferson Davis - Selected to a 6 year term as President of the United States. (State Rights)

30. The South Secedes • South furious a President can be picked without a single southern vote, the election resulted in seven states leaving the union. • South Carolina was the first to leave. Then six others left. Called themselves the Confederate States of America • Elected Jefferson Davis as their President • Fort Sumter in South Carolina, was still full of Federal Troops. Instead of fighting, Lincoln just re-supplied it • The South attacked the fort, and took it over. • Lincoln Declared War. The rest of the South (N.C.) joined the confederacy.

31. Attack on Fort Sumter • The Confederate forces start to seize Federal Forts. • April 12, 1861 - The attack begins in Charleston Harbor at 4:30 A.M. • P.G.T. Beauregard leads the attack against Robert Anderson. • Anderson is forced to surrender the Fort. (Yankee Doodle) April 14th, 1861 • Daniel Hough - Is the first man to die in the Civil War. • Union Flag is re-raised on April 14, 1865.

33. Lincoln Calls For Volunteers • After news of the attack and capture of Ft. Sumter Lincoln Calls for 75,000 volunteers. • Many people North and South rush out to volunteer for military service. • Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Arkansas vote to join the Confederacy. • The Civil War officially had begun.

34. NYC Draft Riots, (July 13-16, 1863)‏

35. Crittenden Compromise:A Last Ditch Appeal to Sanity Senator John J. Crittenden(Know-Nothing-KY)‏

37. Rating the North & the South

38. Resources

39. The “Anaconda” Plan = North South = War of Attrition, European intervention, Defensive War “King Cotton”

40. Why Did Southern Whites Fight in the Civil War? • Non-slaveholding whites? • “way of life” threatened • Anti-northern/urban/ industrial • Something in common with slaveholders • Social connections between the classes of whites • Economic connections: renting slaves, foremen on plantations, debt • Fears of black people and slave rebellion • The vote & political participation • Ideas of white racial superiority • States rights

41. Why Did Poor Southern Whites Fight in Civil War? • Many lower-class whites bought into southern hierarchy – household • Control of land, household, labor, and political rights • White male authority, honor, power, and monopoly of violence Poor White Landowner or Renter /\ Wife & Children /\ Slaves and Free Blacks Male Planter Elite /\ White Women & Children /\ White Laborers /\ Slaves & Free Blacks

42. Why Did Northerners Fight? • Abolitionist minority – fund. opposed to slavery – slavery was an evil, a stain on the nation – represented belief in full INCLUSION of blacks into nation • Free Labor majority – opposed to expansion of slavery • Slavery hurts free labor • Free labor = economic and political independence • Free people would not allow themselves to be enslaved • Republican and “republican” • Pro-Union – unification of nation [under free labor ideals] • Belief a pivot point to judge whether people are worthy of citizenship or rights

43. Lincoln’s Generals Winfield Scott Joseph Hooker Ulysses S. Grant Irwin McDowell George McClellan George Meade Ambrose Burnside George McClellan,Again!

44. The Confederate Generals “Stonewall” Jackson Nathan Bedford Forrest George Pickett Jeb Stuart James Longstreet Robert E. Lee

45. Important Points about Civil War • Change from limited to “total” war • First “modern” technological war • More casualties (1 million) and deaths (620,000) than any other U.S. war • War for the future of the country • War of competing ideals • Would the U.S. live up to the ideals of democracy, freedom, and equality? • Would the union of states survive?

46. Civil War Casualties by Battle

47. Odds of Dying from Combat Wounds

48. First “Modern” War • Increased death and brutality • Both sides fighting for causes they believed in • Length of war = increasingly hardened soldiers • Mentality of victory at all costs • New military technologies increased deaths and casualties: • Long-barreled muskets – shot farther and more accurately than ever before • Cannons • Arms outpaced traditional military strategies – marching in formation, close-range fighting in long lines • Defensive strategies best, but generals refused to give up on charges • Lag in medical technology: lack of sanitation • Became a “total war”: attacks on civilian populations

49. Early War: 1861-1862 • Idea of limited short war on both sides • Most northerners fighting to preserve union (the nation), not to end slavery – believed the war would be short quick victory for North • Most southerners fighting to preserve slave system and homeland – believed quick victory would force north to give in to demands for separate country • General George McClellan, Union military leader, believed that quick victories would convince most southerners to rejoin the Union – but he never won those victories and war dragged on • Became a long, total war

50. Major Front: Eastern Front • Most battles fought in Virginia • The North wanted to capture the Confederate capital in Richmond, VA • Virginia and Richmond defended by Robert E. Lee and Army of Northern Virginia • Lee and Stonewall Jackson effective defenders • Union General George McClellan overly cautious – didn’t pursue Confederates after victory at Antietam in 1862 (bloodiest one-day battle in U.S. history) • McClellan removed from command • Union defeated at Fredericksburg in next attempt to capture Richmond