1 / 58

Chapter 20

Chapter 20. Personality Disorders Part I. Introduction. Personality traits are enduring patterns of: Perceiving Relating to Thinking about the environment and oneself. Introduction (cont.). Personality disorders occur when these traits become Inflexible Maladaptive

ryanadan
Download Presentation

Chapter 20

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Chapter 20 Personality Disorders Part I

  2. Introduction • Personality traits are enduring patterns of: • Perceiving • Relating to • Thinking about the environment and oneself.

  3. Introduction (cont.) • Personality disorders occur when these traits become • Inflexible • Maladaptive • The cause of significant functional impairment or subjective distress

  4. Introduction (cont.) • Personality development occurs in response to a number of biological and psychological influences, such as • Heredity • Temperament • Experiential learning • Social interaction

  5. Introduction (cont.) • People with personality disorders are not often treated in acute care settings, for which personality disorder is their primary psychiatric disorder.

  6. Introduction (cont.) • Many clients with other psychiatric and medical diagnoses manifest symptoms of personality disorders. • Nurses are likely to frequently encounter clients with these personality characteristics in all healthcare settings.

  7. Personality Disorders • Cluster A: Behaviors that are described as odd or eccentric • Paranoid personality disorder • Schizoid personality disorder • Schizotypal personality disorder

  8. Personality Disorders (cont.) • Cluster B: Behaviors that are described as dramatic, emotional, or erratic • Antisocial personality disorder • Borderline personality disorder • Histrionic personality disorder • Narcissistic personality disorder

  9. Personality Disorders (cont.) • Cluster C: Behaviors that are described as anxious or fearful • Avoidant personality disorder • Dependent personality disorder • Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder

  10. Types of Personality Disorders • Paranoid • Definition: A pervasive distrust and suspiciousness such that the motives of others are interpreted as malevolent; condition begins by early adulthood and presents in a variety of contexts

  11. Paranoid • Disorder is more common in men than in women.

  12. Paranoid (cont.) • Clinical Picture • Constantly on guard • Hypervigilant • Ready for any real or imagined threat • Trusts no one • Constantly tests the honesty of others

  13. Paranoid (cont.) • Clinical Picture (cont.) • Oversensitive • Tends to misinterpret minute cues • Magnifies and distorts cues in the environment

  14. Paranoid (cont.) • Etiological Implications • Possible hereditary link • Subject to early parental antagonism and aggression

  15. Schizoid • Definition • Characterized primarily by a profound defect in the ability to form personal relationships • Failure to respond to others in a meaningful emotional way

  16. Schizoid (cont.) • Definition (cont.) • Diagnosis occurs more frequently in men than in women. • Prevalence within the general population has been estimated at 3% to 7.5%.

  17. Schizoid (cont.) • Clinical Picture • Indifferent to others • Client aloof • Client emotionally cold • In presence of others, clients appear shy, anxious, or uneasy • Inappropriately serious about everything and have difficulty acting in a light-hearted manner

  18. Schizoid (cont.) • Etiological Implications • Possible hereditary factor • Childhood has been characterized as • Bleak • Cold • Unempathic • Notably lacking in nurturing

  19. Schizotypal • Definition • A graver form of the pathologically less severe schizoid personality pattern

  20. Schizotypal (cont.) • Definition (cont.) • Recent studies indicate that approximately 3% of the population has this disorder.

  21. Schizotypal (cont.) • Clinical Picture • Clients aloof and isolated • Behave in a bland and apathetic manner

  22. Schizotypal (cont.) • Clinical Picture (cont.) • Everyday world manifests • Magical thinking • Ideas of reference • Illusions • Depersonalization

  23. Schizotypal (cont.) • Clinical Picture (cont.) • Exhibits bizarre speech pattern • When under stress, may decompensate and demonstrate psychotic symptoms • Demonstrates bland, inappropriate affect

  24. Schizotypal (cont.) • Etiological Implications • Possible hereditary factor • Possible physiological influence, such as anatomic deficits or neurochemical dysfunctions within certain areas of the brain

  25. Schizotypal (cont.) • Etiological Implications (cont.) • Early family dynamics characterized by: • Indifference • Impassivity • Formality • Pattern of discomfort with personal affection and closeness

  26. Types of Personality Disorders • Antisocial • Definition • A pattern of • Socially irresponsible • Exploitative • Guiltless behavior that reflects a disregard for the rights of others.

  27. Antisocial • Clinical Picture • Fails to sustain consistent employment • Exploits and manipulates others for personal gain • Has a general disregard for the law

  28. Antisocial (cont.) • Definition • Prevalence estimates in the United States range from 3% in men to less than 1% in women.

  29. Types of Personality Disorders • Borderline • Definition • Characterized by a pattern of intense and chaotic relationships with affective instability • Clients have fluctuating and extreme attitudes regarding other people • Clients highly impulsive

  30. Borderline • Definition (cont.) • Most common form of personality disorder • Emotionally unstable • Lacks a clear sense of identity

  31. Histrionic • Definition (cont.) • Personality is • Excitable • Emotional • Colorful • Dramatic • Extroverted in behavior

  32. Histrionic (cont.) • Definition (cont.) • Prevalence thought to be about 2% to 3% • More common in women than men

  33. Histrionic (cont.) • Clinical picture • Affected clients are • Self-dramatizing • Attention-seeking • Overly gregarious • Seductive • Manipulative • Exhibitionistic

  34. Histrionic (cont.) • Clinical picture (cont.) • Affected clients (cont.) • Are highly distractible • Have difficulty paying attention to detail • Are easily influenced by others • Have difficulty forming close relationships

  35. Histrionic (cont.) • Etiological Implications • Possible link to the dopaminergic neurotransmitter system • Possible hereditary factor • Learned behavior patterns

  36. Narcissistic • Definition • Characterized by an exaggerated sense of self-worth • Lacks empathy • Believes has inalienable right to receive special consideration

  37. Narcissistic (cont.) • Definition • Prevalence of the disorder from 2% to 16% in the clinical population • Less than 1% in the general population is narcissistic • Disorder more common in men than women

  38. Narcissistic (cont.) • Clinical Picture • Client overly self-centered • Exploits others in an effort to fulfill own desires • Mood, which is often grounded in grandiosity, is usually optimistic • Client relaxed, cheerful,and care-free

  39. Narcissistic (cont.) • Clinical picture (cont.) • Mood can easily change because of fragile self-esteem if client does not • Meet self-expectations • Receive positive feedback expected from others • Responds to negative feedback from others with rage, shame, and humiliation

  40. Narcissistic (cont.) • Etiological Implications • As children, these people have had their fears, failures, or dependency needs responded to with criticism, disdain, or neglect. • Parents were often narcissistic themselves.

  41. Avoidant • Definition • Characterized by • Extreme sensitivity to rejection • Social withdrawal • Prevalence is between 0.5% and 1% and is equally common in both men and women.

  42. Avoidant (cont.) • Clinical Picture • Awkward and uncomfortable in social situations • Desires close relationships but avoid them because of fear of being rejected

  43. Avoidant (cont.) • Etiological Implications • Possible hereditary influences • Parental rejection and criticism

  44. Dependent • Definition • Characterized by a pervasive and excessive need to be taken care of that leads to submissive and clinging behavior and fears of separation

  45. Dependent (cont.) • Definition (cont.) • Relatively common within the population • More common among women than men • More common in the youngest children of a family than in the oldest ones

  46. Dependent (cont.) • Clinical Picture • Client has a notable lack ofself-confidence that is often apparent in • Posture • Voice • Mannerisms

  47. Dependent (cont.) • Clinical Picture (cont.) • Typically passive and acquiescent to desires of others • Overly generous and thoughtful while underplaying own attractiveness and achievements

  48. Dependent (cont.) • Clinical Picture (cont.) • Assumes passive and submissive roles in relationships • Avoids positions of responsibility and becomes anxious when forced into them

  49. Dependent (cont.) • Etiological Implications • Possible hereditary influence • Stimulation and nurturance are experienced exclusively from one source • A singular attachment is made by the infant to the exclusion of all others

  50. Personality Disorders • Obsessive/Compulsive • Definition • Characterized by inflexibilityabout the way in which things must be done • Devotion to productivity at the exclusion of personal pleasure

More Related