Avoiding Infectious diseases

1. Avoiding Infectious diseases Chapter 15

2. Chapter 15 Objectives • Explain how the different agents of infection spread disease. • Describe how your body protects itself from infectious disease. • List ways to protect yourself from catching a cold or the flu and ways to feel better if you do catch one. • Name and describe some common infectious diseases. • Explain pandemic and describe the levels of alert. • Name the infectious diseases for which you are most at risk, and list your strategies for avoiding them.

3. Understanding Infection • Pathogens: Disease-causing organisms. • Infection: A complex process, triggered by various pathogens and countered by the body’s own defenders. Pathogen For Infection to occur Host Right Conditions

4. Agents of Infection • Viruses • Tiniest pathogens, but also the toughest. Consist of a bit of RNA or DNA within a protein coat. Take over a body cell’s reproductive machinery to reproduce. • Examples • Rhinoviruses and adenoviruses • Coronaviruses • Influenza viruses • Herpes viruses • Retroviruses

5. Agents of Infection • Bacteria • Simple one-celled organisms. • Most plentiful microorganisms as well as the most pathogenic. • Harm the body by releasing enzymes that digest body cells or toxins that produce the specific effects of specific diseases. • Fungi • Single-celled, microscopic animals that release enzymes and toxins that destroy cells or interfere with their function.

6. Agents of Infection • Protozoa • Single-celled, microscopic animals that release enzymes and toxins that destroy cells or interfere with their function. • Helminths • Small parasitic worms that attack specific tissues or organs and compete with the host for nutrients.

7. How Do You Catch an Infection? Animals and Insects Water People Food

8. 7. Termination The Process of Infection 6. Recovery or Relapse 5. Clinical Stage 4. Prodromal Period 3. Incubation Period 2. Infection 1. Exposure

9. Who Is at Highest Risk for Infection? • Children and their families. • The elderly. • The chronically ill. • Smokers and those with respiratory problems. • Those who live or work in close contact with someone sick. • Residents or workers in poorly ventilated buildings.

10. How Your Body Protects Itself • Tears, sweat, skin oils, saliva, mucus, and cilia. • Lymphatic System Organs and Components: • Spleen, thymus gland, lymph nodes, and lymph vessels. • White blood cells (WBC) • Polymorphonuclear Cells (bacteria) • Lymphocytes (viruses) • Cellular immunity- macrophages, WBC • Humoral immunity- antibodies

11. The Human Lymphatic System and Its Functions

12. The Immune Response

13. Immune DisordersAllergies • Hypersensitivity to a substance in our environment or diet. • Symptoms • Itching, nasal congestion, eye irritation, coughing, wheezing, hives, vomiting, and diarrhea, and even sudden life-threatening collapse. • Treatments • Non-sedating oral medications, nasal sprays, and immunology.

14. Immune DisordersAutoimmune Disorders • When the immune system declares war on the cells, tissues, or organs it normally protects. • Types • Graves disease, systematic lupus, scleroderma, rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis. • Causes • Genetics, drugs, chemicals, bacteria and viruses. • Treatments • Medications • New diagnostic tests and treatments are on the horizon.

15. Common Infectious Diseases • Common cold • Influenza • Meningitis • Hepatitis • Mononucleosis • Pneumonia • Tuberculosis • Group A and group B strep infection • Toxic shock syndrome • New infectious treats

17. Common Cold Facts • There are 200 distinct cold viruses. • No vaccine • Americans come down with 1 billion colds annually. • The common cold results in ~20 million lost work days and 22 million days of absence from school. • College Students (Recent Study) • 9 out of 10 students had at least one cold or flu-like illness during academic year. • Spread by contact with infectious secretions • Coughing, sneezing, hands

18. Common Cold Seasons Spring, Summer, and Early Fall • Rhinoviruses causing symptoms above the neck • Stuffy nose, headache, and runny nose. Winter • Adenoviruses, parainfluenza viruses, coronaviruses, and influenza viruses. • These viruses are more likely to get into the bronchi and trachea and cause more fever and bronchitis.

19. Caring for Your Cold • Drink plenty of fluids • Get plenty of rest • Do not take antibiotics • Do not take aspirin or acetaminophen

20. Influenza • Influenza—or the flu causes more severe, longer lasting symptoms than a cold. • Fever, aches and chills • Types • Influenza A and influenza B. • Transmission • The flu is very contagious and is spread by coughs, sneezes, laughs, and even normal conversation. • Vaccinations • Annually: FluMist vs. flu shots • Anti-viral Drugs: Relenza and Tamiflu

21. Individuals Who Should Get Flu Shots • Individuals aged 65 years and older. • Residents in long term care facilities. • Individuals aged 2 to 64 years with chronic health conditions. • Children aged 6 to 23 months. • Pregnant women. • Health-care personnel. • Household contacts and caregivers. • New recommendations: • All people should be vaccinated annually • Vaccinated children reduce spread in community • Vaccinated adults stay at work

22. Meningitis • An extremely serious, potentially fatal illness that attacks the membranes around the brain and spinal cord; caused by the bacterium Neisseria meningitis. • Can result in hearing loss, kidney failure, and permanent brain damage. • Viral meningitis is typically less severe.

23. Meningitis • Symptoms • Sudden high fever. • Severe persistent headache. • Neck stiffness and pain that makes it difficult to touch the chin to the chest. • Nausea and vomiting, sometimes diarrhea. • Confusion and disorientation (acting “goofy”). • Drowsiness or sluggishness. • Pain or weakness in the muscles or joints. • Eye pain or sensitivity to bright light.

24. Meningitis • Transmission • Coughing, kissing, sharing drinks, eating utensils, or cigarettes; or prolonged exposure to infected individuals. • Vaccinations • Recommended for freshman living in dormitories. • Vaccination is effective for 3-5 years against 70% of bacterial meningitis strains.

25. Hepatitis • It is a an inflammation of the liver caused by at least 5 different viruses often referred to as hepatitis A, B, C, (rarely Delta and E). • Symptoms • Headaches, fever, fatigue, stiff or aching joints, nausea, vomiting and diarrhea. • Enlarged, tender liver. • Sometimes the yellowish tinge of jaundice develops.

26. Hepatitis • Transmission • Hepatitis A:Poor sanitation. Water, food. • Hepatitis B: Blood and other bodily fluids (sexual, tattoos) • Can become chronic (5%) • Hepatitis C: Exposure to infected blood, injection-drug use, tattoos, or body piercing. Usually becomes chronic leading to liver failure. • Treatment • Rest and the avoidance of alcohol and drugs that may stress the liver. • Alpha interferon and ribavirin, an antiviral medication. The treatment lasts for 6 to 12 months and can be difficult to endure (only for Hep C) • E

27. Before You Get a Tattoo or Piercing

28. Epstein-Barr Virus and InfectiousMononucleosis • Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a member of the herpes virus family, infects most people at some time in their lives. • Mononucleosis • An infectious condition cased by EBV during adolescence or young adulthood. • Transmission • You can get mono from an infected person through kissing or any other form of close contact. • Symptoms • Sore throat, headache, fever, nausea, and prolonged weakness. • Swollen spleen, and enlarged lymph nodes and liver.

29. Pneumonia and Bronchitis • Pneumonia is an infection in the lungs • Cough, fever, fatigue. May be short of breath. • May be caused by bacteria, viruses. RX needed. Pneumococcal can be avoided through vaccine. • Diagnosed by listening to the lungs and taking a chest X-ray • Bronchitis is an infection in the bronchus • Dry cough, harsh sounding, rarely fever. Chest may hurt. • May be caused by bacteria, viruses • Occasionally requires treatment with antibiotic

30. Tuberculosis • Tuberculosis is a bacterial infection of the lungs. • About 30% of the world’s population is infected with the TB organism, although not all develop active disease. • Approximately 15 million Americans have the infection. Disease not as common • Transmission • Highly contagious, especially where inadequate ventilation increases the risk of infection. • Symptoms • Vary depending on the organs affected. • Fever, sweating, unexplained weight loss, loss of appetite, fatigue, persistent cough, difficulty breathing or chest pain when breathing. • Treatment • A combination of 3 to 4 different antibiotics taken daily for at least 6 to 9 months.

31. How Tuberculosis Spreads

32. Group A Strep Infection • Group A streptococcal bacteria causes strep throat. • Toxic streptococcal shock syndrome is an invasive form of the disease in which strep gains access to the blood. • Treatment • Antibiotics (penicillin best). Rare resistance. • If not treated promptly, strep bacteria (toxins) can travel to the kidneys, the liver, or the heart, where they can cause rheumatic fever.

33. Toxic Shock Syndrome • Potentially deadly disease • Associated with the use of tampons, particularly high-absorbency types or as a result of leaving tampons in too long (Staph) • Necrotizing fasciitis or “flesh eating disease” (Group A strep) • Transmission • Caused by Staphylococcus aureus and Group A Streptococcus pyogenes bacteria. • Symptoms • High fever; a rash that leads to peeling of the skin on the fingers, toes, palms, and soles; dizziness; dangerously low blood pressure; and abnormalities in several organ systems, and in the muscles and blood. • Treatment • Immediate hospitalization, IV administration of fluids, medications to raise blood pressure, and powerful antibiotics. • Without treatment, TSS can cause severe muscle weakness, partial paralysis, amnesia, disorientation, and impaired lung and kidney function. Death common.

34. “Superbug” Threat: MRSA • MRSA • Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (SA) • SA strain that is resistant to methicillin. • Looks like “spider bite” • Treated with oral antibiotics or draining abscesses • Risk • MRSA infections are now community acquired rather than being highest in hospitals and health-care facilities. • Can develop among sports teams, child-care attendees, and prison inmates. • Person to person transmission by direct contact

35. Reproductive and Urinary Tract Infections

36. H1N1 Virus and Influenza • H1N1 flu was a new influenza type A virus detected in people in spring 2009. • Spread rapidly around the world due to mutation that shifted the amino acids in the coating of the virus • Caused more deaths in healthy people • High rates of death in children • Now included in the annual vaccine • Spreads from person to person through coughing or sneezing. • Symptoms similar to the symptoms of the regular flu.

37. Threat of a Pandemic • The World Health Organization has developed a global influenza preparedness plan, which defines 6 distinct phases of a pandemic. • Concern with major mutation of Influenza virus and rapid spread • Globalization with air travel, etc.

38. New Infectious Threats • Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) • Bioterror Threats • Anthrax • Smallpox • Botulism • Tularemia

39. Three Steps to Infection Protection Immunizations Good Health Habits Prompt Treatment

40. Recommendations for Adult Immunizations Tetanus, Diphtheria, Pertussis Hepatitis B Hepatitis A Measles, Mumps and Rubella Varicella (Chickenpox) Meningococcal Disease Influenza Pneumococcal Disease

41. 2012 ACIP Adult Immunization Schedule, Age-Based Recommendations

42. How to Protect your Health • Healthy habits • WASH YOUR HANDS!!!! • SNEEZE INTO YOUR ELBOW OR USE A TISSUE • DON’T COME TO SCHOOL OR GO TO WORK WHEN SICK • DON’T SHARE THINGS