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RANGE DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION. Chris Lawrence, New Zealand Army Wally Cole, Ordnance Developments Limited. PRESENTATION SEQUENCE . Publications Shot distribution and the cone of fire Range types and danger areas Full danger area ranges Limited danger area ranges
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RANGE DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION Chris Lawrence, New Zealand Army Wally Cole, Ordnance Developments Limited
PRESENTATION SEQUENCE • Publications • Shot distribution and the cone of fire • Range types and danger areas • Full danger area ranges • Limited danger area ranges • No danger area ranges
PUBLICATIONS • New Zealand Police Range Manual • Joint Services Publication Number 403 (JSP 403) - Handbook of Defence Land Ranges Safety, Volume II - Design, Construction and Maintenance of Small Arms, Infantry Weapon Systems and 30mm Weapon System Ranges (United Kingdom Ministry of Defence) • Range Design and Construction Guidelines (Canadian Firearms Centre) • The New Zealand Pistol Association Range Manual
SHOT DISTRIBUTION – Cone of Fire The first step in the design process is to determine how far from the intended point of aim shots are likely to fall. This is known as the cone of fire. Vertical 2.25O 0O 2.25O 2.25O 2.25O 0O Horizontal
CONE OF FIRE - Comparison Horizontal x vertical distribution • Notes: • Practical pistol shoots up to 25m. • 2. Target rifle at 300m.
CONE OF FIRE – Factors to Consider The cone of fire is intended to contain those shots that are to be allowed for in range design. It includes a scientific calculation and a non-scientific prediction. • Acceptable firearm deviation • Firearms system error • Predicted firing error • Unacceptable firearm deviation • Misdirected firing error • Random firing error • Wild firing error
C B E D A FULL DANGER AREA RANGES Example - 7.62mm Military Ball Ammunition AB – Max Length (4000m) AC – Cone of Fire Angle (2.25O) AD – Opening Ricochet Angle (30O) CE – Closing Ricochet Angle (45O) ED – Ricochet Boundary (400m/800m)
POST IMPACT CONSIDERATIONS • Air danger height • Ricochet (1st and subsequent) • Pop-over • Splatter • Backsplash
LIMITED DANGER AREA RANGES – Gallery Range • Bullet point one arial regular 21pt • Bullet point two with emphasis on a word • Bullet point three IMAGES TO BE PLACED HERE
LIMITED DANGER AREA RANGES – Hill Background Dispensation (56O)
LIMITED DANGER AREA RANGE – Hill Background Dispensation (34O)
NO DANGER AREA RANGES – 25m 1908 Barrack Range • Bullet point one arial regular 21pt • Bullet point two with emphasis on a word • Bullet point three IMAGES TO BE PLACED HERE
RANGE FEATURES • Firing Positions/Mounds • Range Floor • Baffles • Mantlet • Target Area • Bullet Catcher or Bullet Trap • Stop Butt • Range Danger Area
SUMMARY • Call attention to range design and construction as an important component of responsible and safe firearms use. • Motivate quality research into cone of fire dimensions and the post impact behaviour of sporting ammuniton. • Exchange ideas and concepts for the design and construction of ranges. • Encourage your participation in this field by ensuring that your ranges are appropriately designed and constructed for the activities you wish to conduct on them.
