The Nervous System

1. The Nervous System Electrical Communication

2. Objectives • Membuat peta konsep sistem koordinasi manusia • Mengidentifikasi komponen yang terlibat dalam sistem koordinasi manusia • Menggambar struktur alat indera • Menguji kerja alat indera • Menghubungkan fungsi sistem syaraf dan alat indra • Menjelaskan mekanisme pengaturan homeostasis

3. To make a concept map of human coordination system • To identify component that involve in human coordination system • To draw structure of sensoric organ • To test how does the sense organ work • To connect function nerve system with sensoric organ • To explain mechanism of homeostatic

4. Interaction of Glands The hypothalamus is located in the brainand controls the release of hormones from the pituitarygland. It is an important link between the endocrine and nervous systems. http://www.biocfarm.unibo.it/aunsnc/images/3D%20Objects/Hypothalamus.gif

5. The Nervous System Main Function: This communication system controls and coordinates functions throughout the body and responds to internal and external stimuli. Our nervous system allows us to feel pain.

6. Basic nerve cell structure

7. 3 main types of nerve cells sensory neurone relay neurone motor neurone

8. Sensory neurons Carries impulses from receptors e.g pain receptors in skin to the CNS( brain or spinal cord)

9. Relay neuron Carries impulses from sensory nerves to motor nerves.

10. Motor neuron Carries impulses from CNS to effector e.g. muscle to bring about movement or gland to bring about secretion of hormone e.g ADH

11. Transmission of signals

12. The Synapse parkinson parkinsons

13. The Nervous System Consists of:brain, spinal cord, nerves and sense organs Sense Organs: Eyes, Skin, Ears, Nose & Tongue

14. The Nerve A nerveis an organ containing a bundle of nerve cells calledneurons. Neurons carryelectricalmessages calledimpulsesthroughout the body. Picture shows hundreds of severed neuron axons

15. dendrite muscle tissue Axon cell body TYPICAL MOTOR NEURON synapse Impulse in a Neuron cell body

16. Because neurons never touch, chemical signalers calledneurotransmittersmust travel through thespace calledsynapsebetween two neurons. Neurotransmitters (pink spheres) The message is transferred whenRECEPTORSreceive neurotrans-mitters. Synapse (gap)

17. 1 2 3 Parts of a Neuron • Cell body:contains nucleus & most of the cytoplasm • Dendrites:projections that bring impulses into the neuron to the cell body. • Axon:long projection that carries impulses away from cell body

18. Types of Neurons Sensory Neuron Interneuron Synapse Synapse Motor Neuron Interneuron Synapse Muscle Contracts Motor Neuron Sensory Neuron

19. Sensory Neuron carry impulses from sense organs to spinal cord & brain Fun Fact: Where can the largest cells in the world be found? The giraffe’s sensory and motor neurons! Some must bring impulses from the bottom of their legs to their spinal cord several meters away!!

20. Interneuron • processes impulses in brain and spinal cord • - connect sensory and motor neurons

21. Axon End Motor Neurons carry impulses from the brain & spinal cord to muscles & glands Axons branching out to muscle fibers

22. Communication with Neurons • Nerves work together with muscles for movement. Animpulsebegins when one neuron is stimulated by another neuron or by the sense organs. • Theimpulsetravels down the axons ofSensory neuronsto the brain cells calledInterneurons. • The brain will then send animpulse throughmotor neuronsto the necessary muscle or organs, telling it to contract.

23. A reflexis an involuntary response that is processed in thespinal cordnot the brain. Reflexes protect the body before the brain knows what is going on. Reflex Arc

24. Cerebrum brain Cerebellum Medulla Oblongata Spinal Cord Central Nervous System Consists of: Brain and Spinal Cord

25. Central Nervous System

26. Peripheral Nervous System Consists of:Sensorydivision andMotor division -includes all sensory neurons, motor neurons, and sense organs

27. Segmental Spinal nerve(more in Nervous System II)

28. Autonomic “Targets” All have dual sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation (more in N.S.II)

29. The Central Nervous System * The Central Nervous System controls all of the body’s activities. * The Central Nervous System is made of two main organs. 1. The brain 2. The spinal cord

30. The Spinal Cord * The spinal cord sends messages to the brain. * The spinal cord is the part of the nervous system that connects the brain to the rest of the nervous system.

31. The Brain * The brain controls everything in the body. * The brain is made of more than 10 billion nerves! * The brain is divided into three parts and is protected by the skull.

32. The Three Parts of the Brain * The Brain has three main parts… 1. The Cerebrum 2. The Cerebellum 3. The Brain Stem

33. The Cerebrum * The Cerebrum is the largest part of the brain. 1. The cerebrum controls your thinking. 2. The cerebrum controls your memory. 3. The cerebrum controls your speaking. 4. The cerebrum controls your movement and identifies the information gathered by your sense organs.

34. The Cerebellum * The cerebellum is below and to the back of the cerebrum. 1. The cerebellum controls you balance. 2. The cerebellum controls your posture.

35. The Brain Stem * The Brain Stem connects the brain to the spinal cord. * The nerves in the brain stem control your heartbeat, breathing, and blood pressure.

36. The Vertebrae * The vertebrae are the many bones that protect the nerves in the spinal cord.

37. Outer Nervous System * The outer nervous system is made of the nerves and the sense organs. Nerves Eye Skin Ear Tongue

38. Reflex * An automatic reaction that happens without thinking about it. * A reflex happens quickly in less than a second.

39. Automatic Nervous System * The outer nervous system controls the body’s activities that you don’t think about. * The outer nervous system controls activities in your small intestine, your breathing, and your heartbeat. controls

40. Sense Organs Sense organs carry messages about the environment to the central nervous system.

41. Sense Organs The eyes, ears, nose, tongue, and skin are examples of sense organs. The sense organs gather information (light, sound, heat, and pressure) from the environment.

42. Environment The environment is everything outside the body. The sense organs gather information from outside the body, then send the messages to the brain.

43. Vision is your ability to see. Vision Vision involves the eye and the brain.

44. The Eye The eye is one of your sense organs. The eye is made of the iris and the pupil. The eye gathers pictures and sends them to the brain.

45. The Parts of the Eye The colored part of the eye is the iris. The black part of the eye is the pupil. The pupil becomes larger and smaller as it controls the light coming into the eye. Iris Pupil

46. When a sound is made, the air around the sound vibrates. Hearing Hearing starts when some of the sound waves go into the ear.

47. Parts of the Ear There are nine main parts of the ear. 1. Pinna 5. Anvil 2. Ear canal 6. Stirrup 3. Ear drum 7. Cochlea 4. Hammer 8. Eustachian tube 9. Auditory nerve

48. The pinna is the part of the ear that you can see. The ear canal is the tube between the outside of the ear and the ear drum. The ear drum is in the middle ear. It vibrates when sound waves hit it.

49. Parts of the Ear The three smallest bones in the body, the hammer, the anvil, and the stirrup, are in the middle ear. The hammer gets the vibrations from the eardrum, then sends them to the anvil. The anvil passes the vibrations to the stirrup. The stirrup passes the vibrations to the inner ear.

50. The Eustachian tube controls the amount of pressure in the ear. The inner ear is made of the cochlea and liquid. The cochlea is in the inner ear. The cochlea looks like a shell. The auditory nerve carries the hearing information to the brain and the brain tells us what we heard.