Unit 6: Exam Review

1. Unit 6: Exam Review

2. Behavior – action/reaction to stimuli Innate behavior – actions that are les subject to environmental variation; developmentally fixed Fixed Action Patterns – a behavior that an organism will carry out automatically even if it is to the detriment of the organism Brood Parasitism – a species hides its offspring (usually eggs) with the offspring of a different species. This different species is tricked into raising the foreign offspring

3. Learning – a change in behavior based on experience • The cost of intelligence – • long gestation, • long infancy & adolescence, • a large amount of energy is used to fuel a large brain • Habituation – loss of responsiveness due to repetition • Imprinting – learning that must be done within a certain timeframe of development (innate behavior) • Conditioning (Pavlovian/Classical) – associating a stimulus with reward or punishment OR trial and error (stereotypical learning)

4. Cognition – consciousness & awareness of surroundings Migration – for food, mating, and temperature This will happen daily (food), annually (temperature) and generationally (mating) Courtship – some form of display that is intended to impress a member of the opposite sex Female Choice – since the female is burdened with pregnancy OR responsible for the quality of her offspring she will be more choosey of a mate

5. Male Aggression – used to show dominance, protect access to females, food and territory, and/or to reduce the number of male competitors in an area Leks – a ritualistic collection of males performing for potential mates Different Mating strategies: Monogamy – a single partner; often seen in species where offspring require a lot of care Polygyny – one male with many females Polyandry – one female with many males (more protection & territory)

6. Multiple Paternity – An instance in which the father of a series of offspring is uncertain, providing an incentive for many males to protect offspring that may not be their own. Cuckoldry – a male is tricked into providing resources for offspring that he only thinks is his own Shoaling – a loosely grouped gathering of fish Helpful in gathering food, finding mates, and protection from predators

7. Diadromous – an aquatic species that travels between fresh and salt water Anadromous – an aquatic species that spends most of its time at sea, but travels to fresh water to breed Migration orientation – gradient of salinity, temperature, or chemicals; orientation based on the sun, or orientation through the use of metals within the species & the geomagnetic pull

8. Schooling – a polarized & coordinated group of species: • Advantages – hydrodynamic effect, reduces the risk of an individual being consumed by a predator, increases the likelihood of finding food, makes it easier to find a mate • Disadvantage – greatly increases the risk of spreading parasites & communicable disease • Pods – a very tightly packed and well regulated group of individuals. These can be so organized that they appear as one large organism instead of many smaller ones

9. Morphology – a species that has fed on a certain prey or in a certain ecosystem for generations will most likely have physical features or strategies to feed & survive in this particular environment • Optimal Foraging – all things being equal, a species will eat the largest possible prey to maximize the amount of calories taken in vs. energy being put out • Risk-Sensitive Foraging – balancing the chance of finding a very good source of food vs. a higher likelihood of being killed or eaten

10. Examples of aquatic aggression: - Often includes biting - Ritualistic displays – Modified swimming – Flaring gill covers – Color changes – Threatening movements

11. Resting Behavior – a species will limit the amount of energy being expended if there is no reason to do so Aquatic species will often change their coloring to blend in while they sleep in a rock or on the sand Sharks – sleep swimmers • Red Coloration – harder to see in low light, but can be very visible if the species chooses to show itself. This color can be seen at short distance but not at long distances

12. Poster Colors – very bright colors used for signaling to a shoal, mates, blending into bright surroundings, and intimidate predators • Disruptive Coloration– used to hide from predators or to hide and ambush prey (aggressive/passive) • Counter Shading- two different shaded on the dorsal/ventral side of an organism to assist in multi directional camouflage • Eye Spots- Makes the butt look like the head, less chance of dying, and you confuse predators

13. Lateral Stripes/Horizontal Stripes – • Used for signaling and direction in a school • Can make distinguishing one individual from another difficult for a predator • Auditory Signals & Sound Production- • mating • communication • Defense of territory

14. Chordates – anything with a spinal cord. Earliest example: flat worm • Vertebrates – any species with a backbone. Earliest example: lamprey • Most ancient, but still living craniate: • Hagfish • Most ancient, but still living vertebrate: • lamprey

15. Dorsal, Hollow Notochord: embryonic form of what will become the backbone in an adult • Embryonic traits vs. Adult traits – many different species have extremely similar traits as embryos that disappear in the adult form for the species • Pharyngeal Slits – develop into gills in aquatic vertebrates & ear/head/neck in terrestrial vertebrates

16. Craniates – any species with a head. Oldest living example is a hagfish • Gnathostomes – any species with a jaw • Chondrichtyes – sharks & rays; generally, a species with a skeleton made of cartilage • Ray-finned fish – a “generic” fish, small/thin bones are present in the fins • Lobe-finned fish – these fish have very strong pectoral fins and some of these fish will use them to walk across the bottom of the ocean. These strong front fins developed into the front legs of early tetrapods.

17. Amphibian: • “two lives” • An organism that is in transition from fully aquatic to fully terrestrial