RATIONAL USE OF ANIMALS IN EXPERIMENTS ROLE OF IAEC

1. RATIONAL USE OF ANIMALS IN EXPERIMENTS ROLE OF IAEC

2. RATIONAL USE OF ANIMALS IN EXPERIMENTS- ROLE OF IAEC • Worldwide it is estimated that the number of non-human primates—used for experiments -- ranges from the 10 millions to more than 100 millions annually. • One estimate of mice and rats used in the United States alone in 2001 was 80 million. Most animals are euthanized after being used in an experiment.

3. RATIONAL USE OF ANIMALS IN EXPERIMENTS- ROLE OF IAEC • Sources of laboratory animals • Most animals are purpose-bred— • Some are caught in the wild --- • Some are supplied by dealers who obtain them from auctions and pounds.

4. RATIONAL USE OF ANIMALS IN EXPERIMENTS- ROLE OF IAECTypes of vertebrates used in animal testing in Europe in 2005: -----A total of 12.1 million animals were used

5. RATIONAL USE OFANIMALS IN EXPERIMENTS- ROLE OF IAEC Where experiments on animals are usually done ? • In Universities, • Medical schools, • Pharmaceutical companies, • Farms, • Defense establishments, Commercial facilities that provide animal-testing services to industry.

6. RATIONAL USE OF ANIMALS IN EXPERIMENTS- ROLE OF IAEC What are the AREAS of Research Pure research such as • Genetics • Developmental biology • Behavioral studies Applied research such as Biomedical research Xanotransplantation Drug testing Toxicology tests and Cosmotic testing.

7. RATIONAL USE OF ANIMALS IN EXPERIMENTS- ROLE OF IAEC

8. RATIONAL USE OF ANIMALS IN EXPERIMENTS- ROLE OF IAEC Supporters of the use of animals in experiments • BritishRoyal Society, argue that virtually every medical achievement in the 20th century relied on the use of animals in some way or other--- • Institute for Laboratory animal researchof U.S. National Academy of Sciences argue that even sophisticated computers are unable to model interactions between molecules, cells, tissues, organs, organisms, and the environment, making animal research necessary in many areas..

9. RATIONAL USE OF ANIMALS IN EXPERIMENTS- ROLE OF IAEC Groups which are against the use of animals in experiments • PETA---for animal welfare---( People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals) • BUAV— for animal rights---( British Union for the Abolition of Vivisection ) • BUAV is a British animal protection and advocacy group that campaigns for the abolition of all animal experiments.

10. RATIONAL USE OF ANIMALS IN EXPERIMENTS- ROLE OF IAEC • Both PETA ---- for animal welfare, (People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals – largest animal rights organization of the world with 2 million members ) was founded in 1898 by Frances Power Cobbe and supported by Sir Paul McCartney ) and BUAV— for animal rights---( British Union for the Abolition of Vivisection )

11. RATIONAL USE OF ANIMALS IN EXPERIMENTS- ROLE OF IAEC

12. The earliest references to animal testing are found in the writings of the Greeks in the 2nd and 4th centuries BC. (ARISTOTLE ) (384–322 BC) RATIONAL USE OF ANIMALS IN EXPERIMENTS- ROLE OF IAECHISTORY OF ANIMAL EXPERIMENTS

13. Galen, a physician in 2nd-century Rome, dissected pigs and goats, and is known as the "father of vivisection." RATIONAL USE OF ANIMALS IN EXPERIMENTS- ROLE OF IAECHISTORY OF ANIMAL EXPERIMENTS

14. RATIONAL USE OF ANIMALS IN EXPERIMENTS- ROLE OF IAECHISTORY OF ANIMAL EXPERIMENTS Animals have been used repeatedly through the history of biomedical research.

15. RATIONAL USE OF ANIMALS IN EXPERIMENTS- ROLE OF IAEC THE ACIEVEMENTS OF ANIMAL EXPERIMENTS THAT ARE BENIFICIAL TO MANKIND

16. In the 1880s, Louis Pasteur demonstrated the germ theory of medicine by inducing anthrax in sheep. RATIONAL USE OF ANIMALS IN EXPERIMENTS- ROLE OF IAEC SOME OF THE ACIEVEMENTS OF ANIMAL EXPERIMENTS THAT ARE BENIFICIAL TO MANKIND

17. In the 1890s, Ivan Pavlov used dogs to describe classical conditioning. Insulin was first isolated from dogs in 1922, and revolutionized the treatment of diabetes. RATIONAL USE OF ANIMALS IN EXPERIMENTS- ROLE OF IAEC SOME OF THE ACIEVEMENTS OF ANIMAL EXPERIMENTS THAT ARE BENIFICIAL TO MANKIND

18. On November 3, 1957, a Russian dog, Laika, became the first animals to orbit the earth. RATIONAL USE OF ANIMALS IN EXPERIMENTS- ROLE OF IAEC SOME OF THE ACIEVEMENTS OF ANIMAL EXPERIMENTS THAT ARE BENIFICIAL TO MANKIND

19. RATIONAL USE OF ANIMALS IN EXPERIMENTS- ROLE OF IAEC • In the 1970s, antibiotic treatments and vaccines for leprosywere developed using armadillos--then given to humans .

20. Rudolf Jaenisch ---1974 took a large step forwards The ability of humans to change the genetics of animals. Rudolf Jaenisch was able to produce the first transgenic mammal, by integrating DNA from the SV40 virus into the genome of mice. This genetic research progressed rapidly and, in 1996, Dolly the sheep was born, the first mammal to be clonedfrom an adult cell. RATIONAL USE OF ANIMALS IN EXPERIMENTS-ROLE OF IAECSOME OF THE ACIEVEMENTS OF ANIMAL EXPERIMENTS THAT ARE BENIFICIAL TO MANKIND

21. Elixir Sulfanilamide disaster of 1937 Toxicology testing became important in the 20th century. In the 19th century, laws regulating drugs were more relaxed. For example, in the U.S., the government could only ban a drug after a company had been prosecuted for selling products that harmed customers. However, in response to the Elixir Sulfanilamide disaster of 1937 (In 1937, S. E. Massengill Company, a pharmaceutical manufacturer, created a preparation of sulfanilamide using diethylene glycol (DEG) as a solvent, and called the preparation "Elixir Sulfanilamide". RATIONAL USE OF ANIMALS IN EXPERIMENTS- ROLE OF IAECToxicology studies

22. Elixir Sulfanilamide disaster of 1937 Diethylene glycol (DEG)---DEG is poisonous to humans, but Harold Watkins, the company's chief pharmacist and chemist, was not aware of this (although it was known at the time). in which the drug killed more than 100 users, Upon which the U.S. congress passed laws that required safety testing of drugs on animals before they could be marketed. Other countries enacted similar legislation. RATIONAL USE OF ANIMALS IN EXPERIMENTS- ROLE OF IAECToxicology studies

23. THALIDOMIDE TRAGEDY -1960 In the 1960s, in reaction to the Thalidomide tragedy, further laws were passed requiring safety testing on pregnant animals before a drug can be sold. Thalidomide was one of the greatest cases in history of a drug disaster tragedy being caused by animal research.First of all, Thalidomide had been tested on animals extensively prior to its marketing. RATIONAL USE OF ANIMALS IN EXPERIMENTS- ROLE OF IAECToxicology studies-MISLEADING ANIMAL EXPERIMENTATION

24. THALIDOMIDE TRAGEDY -1960 MISLEADING ANIMAL EXPERIMENTATION Even now, despite the clinical evidence to the contrary, British health authorities like the Medical Research Council maintain that the vast bulk of evidence from laboratory and animal tests is against thalidomide having any genetic effects. RATIONAL USE OF ANIMALS IN EXPERIMENTS- ROLE OF IAECToxicology studies

25. THALIDOMIDE TRAGEDY -1960 MISLEADING ANIMAL EXPERIMENTATION In the 1960s, in reaction to the Thalidomide tragedy, further laws were passed requiring safety testing on pregnant animals before a drug can be sold. RATIONAL USE OF ANIMALS IN EXPERIMENTS- ROLE OF IAEC

26. The debate of “ to do or not to do” animal experiments is not the presents issue and it was there from the time of Claude Bernard RATIONAL USE OF ANIMALS IN EXPERIMENTS- ROLE OF IAEC Historical Debate,

27. RATIONAL USE OF ANIMALS IN EXPERIMENTS- ROLE OF IAEC From History Wisdom Blooms

28. Claude Bernard, "prince of vivisectors" Claude Bernard, argued that experiments on animals are "entirely conclusive for the toxicology and hygiene of man". RATIONAL USE OF ANIMALS IN EXPERIMENTS- ROLE OF IAEC Historical debate

29. RATIONAL USE OF ANIMALS IN EXPERIMENTS- ROLE OF IAEC Historical debate As the experimentation on animals increased, especially the practice of vivisection,so did criticism and controversy. • Benefit To Humans Did Not Justify The Harm To Animals.

30. Edmund O'Meara (1614–1681) is an Irish physiologist and one of the last prominent champions of the medical ideas of Galen. Edmund criticized vivisection, stating that the agony suffered by animals distort the research results. Edmund O'Meara said that "the miserable torture of vivisection places the body in an unnatural state." O'Mearaargued that animal physiology could be affected by pain during vivisection, rendering results unreliable. RATIONAL USE OF ANIMALS IN EXPERIMENTS- ROLE OF IAEC Historical debate—Changing trend

31. RATIONAL USE OF ANIMALS IN EXPERIMENTS- ROLE OF IAEC Historical debate—Changing trend • Many people believed that animals were inferior to humans and so different, that results from animals could not be applied and interpolated to humans.

32. RATIONAL USE OF ANIMALS IN EXPERIMENTS- ROLE OF IAEC–Types of vertebrates used in animal testing in Europe in 2005: a total of 12.1 million animals were used

33. RATIONAL USE OF ANIMALS IN EXPERIMENTS- ROLE OF IAECLAWS REGARDING ANIMAL USE EXPERIMENTS • 1822the first Animal Protection Law was enacted in the British parliament, followed by the • 1876---- Cruelty to Animals Act the first law specifically aimed at regulating animal testing. • Charles Darwin, promoted it.

34. RATIONAL USE OF ANIMALS IN EXPERIMENTS- ROLE OF IAECLAWS REGARDING USE OF ANIMALS EXPERIMENTS • In United States 1860s -----Opposition to the use of animals in medical research ---Henry Bergh founded the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA), • American Anti Vivisection Society (AAVS), founded in 1883. Antivivisectionists of the era generally believed the spread of mercy was the great cause of civilization, and vivisection was cruel. • However, in the USA the antivivisectionists' efforts were defeated in every legislature, overwhelmed by the superior organization and influence of the medical community. Overall, this movement had little legislative success until the passing of the Laboratory Animal Welfare Act, in 1966.

35. The British Union for the Abolition of Vivisection (BUAV) estimates that 100 million vertebrates are experimented on around the world every year, 10–11 million of them in the European Union. The Nuffield Council on Bioethics reports that global annual estimates range from 50 to 100 million animals. RATIONAL USE OF ANIMALS IN EXPERIMENTS- ROLE OF IAECLAWS REGARDING USE OF ANIMALS EXPERIMENTS

36. RATIONAL USE OF ANIMALS IN EXPERIMENTS- ROLE OF IAECLAWS REGARDING USE OF ANIMALS EXPERIMENTS • In the UK, ---3.2 million procedures were carried out in 2007, a rise of 189,500 since the previous year. Four thousand procedures used non-human primates, down 240 from 2006 .

37. According to the Humane Society of the United States -----Dogs are widely used in biomedical research, testing, and education — particularly beagles, because they are gentle and easy to handle. They are commonly used as models for human diseases in cardiology, endocrinology, and bone and joint studies, research that tends to be highly invasive. RATIONAL USE OF ANIMALS IN EXPERIMENTS- ROLE OF IAECLAWS REGARDING USE OF ANIMALS EXPERIMENTS

38. RATIONAL USE OF ANIMALS IN EXPERIMENTS- ROLE OF IAEC Alternatives To Animal Testing

39. RATIONAL USE OF ANIMALS IN EXPERIMENTS- ROLE OF IAEC Alternatives To Animal TestingScientists and governments state that animal testing should cause as little suffering to animals as possible, and that animal tests should only be performed where necessary. • The "three Rs" are guiding principles for the use of animals in research in most countries:

40. RATIONAL USE OF ANIMALS IN EXPERIMENTS- ROLE OF IAEC Alternatives to animal testing • Replacement • Reduction • Refinement

41. Replacement Reduction Refinement Replacementrefers to the preferred use of non-animal methods over animal methods whenever it is possible to achieve the same scientific aim. RATIONAL USE OF ANIMALS IN EXPERIMENTS- ROLE OF IAECAlternatives to animal testing

42. Replacement Reduction Refinement Reductionrefers to methods that enable researchers to obtain comparable levels of information from fewer animals, or to obtain more information from the same number of animals. RATIONAL USE OF ANIMALS IN EXPERIMENTS- ROLE OF IAECAlternatives to animal testing

43. Replacement Reduction Refinement Refinementrefers to methods that alleviate or minimize potential pain, suffering or distress, and enhance animal welfare for the animals still used. RATIONAL USE OF ANIMALS IN EXPERIMENTS- ROLE OF IAECAlternatives to animal testing

44. RATIONAL USE OF ANIMALS IN EXPERIMENTS- ROLE OF IAECAlternatives to animal testing The fourth dimension of alternatives to animal experiments is REHABILITATION ( LATEST )

45. RATIONAL USE OF ANIMALS IN EXPERIMENTS- ROLE OF IAECAlternatives to animal testing REHABILITATION

46. RATIONAL USE OF ANIMALS IN EXPERIMENTS- ROLE OF IAEC INSTITUTIONAL ANIMAL ETHICS COMMITTEE

47. RATIONAL USE OF ANIMALS IN EXPERIMENTS- ROLE OF IAECINSTITUTIONAL ANIMAL ETHICS COMMITTEE • Research requiring vivisection techniques that cannot be met through other means are often subject to an external ethics review. • In the U.S., the Animal Welfare Act explicitly requires that any procedure that may cause pain utilize "tranquilizers, analgesics, and anesthetics“ ,with exceptions when "scientifically necessary".

48. RATIONAL USE OF ANIMALS IN EXPERIMENTS- ROLE OF IAECBackground and Module Content The scientific rationale underlying the use of animals in biomedical research is that a living organism provides an interactive, dynamic system that can be observed and manipulated experimentally in order to investigate mechanisms of normal function and of disease

49. RATIONAL USE OF ANIMALS IN EXPERIMENTS- ROLE OF IAECAnimal Research Pros and Cons Animal Research Pros and Cons Debates have roared in the medical fraternity about animal research pros and cons since ages. ? Have we achieved milestones in curing diseases by testing and killing meek animals. ? Are such medical breakthroughs worth their lives. ? If animals can't speak, does it mean we can use them as we wish, just because we're powerful. ? Ponder over these questions that deeply throw flood of light on various issues of animal research.

50. RATIONAL USE OF ANIMALS IN EXPERIMENTS- ROLE OF IAECAnimal Research Pros and Cons • Pros and Cons of Animal ResearchRats share certain similarities with human biology. • Their hard luck----- This has made them one of the most used animals in experiments and laboratory testing. Consequently, numerous tests on animals have led to path breaking discoveries in medical science. • On the contrary, animal research ethics, the integrity and morality of such tests have been questioned by environmentalists. Animal research pros and cons - the most debated topic in medical science, forms the contexts of further paragraphs.