US History: The New Frontier and the Great Society Notes

1. US History: The New Frontier and the Great Society Notes Chapter 22 and 24

2. Kennedy and the Cold War: • 1960 Election: • Democrats – John F. Kennedy • Republicans – Richard Nixon • Very Close Race • Kennedy wins on Television appearance and Civil Right

3. J.F.K. • Large wealthy family • Handsome • Young – 43 years old • Catholic

4. 1st Televised Debates: • Nixon did not appear well • No use of make-up • Did not look good on TV • Helped push Kennedy to a win in the elections

5. Kennedy and the King: • Martin Luther King Arrested • Sitting at a segregated lunch counter • Kennedy voiced support for King • Black votes in the South helped Kennedy to win

6. Kennedy’s Administration: • Cold War – Top priority • Strong Containment policy • Flexible Response – Use both nuclear or conventional military • Give more options • Large increase in defense spending • Build up conventional military

7. Cuban Missile Crisis: • Fidel Castro – Revolutionary communist leader • Cuban Dilemma: • Seized American Oil industries and farms • US put up trade barriers

8. Bay of Pigs: Cuba • 1960 – Eisenhower gave the CIA permission to train Cuban rebels for in invasion of Cuba • Kennedy doubted the plan but followed through with it • Troops landed at the Bay of Pigs • Embarrassing to the US • US Paid Cuba 53 million in reparations to release captured soldiers

9. Cuban Missile Crisis: • Castro’s Ally – USSR and Khrushchev • 1962 – Soviet arms sent to Cuba • Included Nuclear Missiles • Missiles could reach the US in minutes • Ships from USSR are stopped by US Navy and quarantined

10. Cuban Missile Crisis: • Troops mass in Florida to invade • 200,000 US troops • Feared Nuclear War • Soviet Ships halt to avoid confrontation • Khrushchev offer to remove missiles if America agreed not to invade • Hurts Khrushchev politically in USSR

11. Berlin Crisis: • West Berlin – Booming economy • East Berlin – • Behind the “Iron Curtain” • Economically Depressed • Many leave East Berlin to freedom in West Berlin

12. Berlin Wall: • Khrushchev – Closes all roads and access to West Berlin • Berlin Wall Built – Seal off Eastern Europe from the West

13. Ease of Tensions: • Hot-Line: Between Moscow and Washington • Kennedy and Khrushchev • Limited Test Ban Treaty – Banned Nuclear Atmospheric Testing

14. The New Frontier: • The Kennedy Mystique: • Kennedy family fascinated the US public • First Lady – Jacqueline Kennedy • Influenced fashion • Youthful Glamour

15. Kennedy Administration: • Kennedy surrounded himself with strong and intelligent advisors • The New Frontier – Kennedy’s Plan for America • Lacked a mandate – Clear indication that the voters approved of his plan

16. The New Frontier: • Stimulating the Economy: • Deficit Spending – Higher Government Spending and lower taxes • Poverty Abroad: • Created the Peace Corps – Volunteer assistance in 3rd World Nations • Alliance for Progress – • Economic and technical assistance to help Latin American Countries

17. Space Race: • USSR – Vostok rocket sent Yuri Gagarin into space • 1st Man in Space • Catch up with USSR • Formed NASA: Goal to put a man on the moon before the end of the decade

18. Race to the Moon: • John Glen – 1st American in Space • Moon – Neil Armstrong – 1st Man on the Moon • July 20, 1969

19. New Domestic Agenda: • American Poor: • National campaign to end poverty in the US • Civil Rights: For every American

20. Assassination of Pres. Kennedy: • Dallas, Texas • Nov. 22, 1963 • Lee Harvey Oswald – Shoots from the Texas Book Repository • Oswald arrested and shot by Jack Ruby • Conspiracy??

21. Warren Commission: • Investigated Kennedy’s Assassination • Answered conspiracy questions • Headed by Chief Justice Warren • Concluded that Oswald acted alone

22. The Great Society: • Lyndon B. Johnson (LBJ) • From Texas • Kennedy’s Vice President • Rough Texas personality

23. Johnson’s Domestic Agenda: • Continue Kennedy’s Plan: • War on Poverty: • Economic Opportunity Act: • 1 Billion dollars • Youth Programs • Small business loans • Job Training • Head Start Program

24. 1964 Election: • Democrat – Pres. Johnson • Republican – Barry Goldwater • Americans felt more in touch with Johnson’s more liberal agenda • Fears of war in Vietnam • Johnson wins a landslide victory

25. The Great Society: • Johnson’s plan as ELECTED president • End to poverty and racial injustice • Higher living standards • Equal Opportunity for all

26. Great Society Legislation: • Medicare: Hospital insurance and low-cost medical insurance for people 65 and older • Medicaid: Health insurance for welfare recipients • HUD: Department of Housing and Urban Development • Low Income Housing

27. Great Society Legislation: • Immigration Act of 1965: • Replaced the quota system from individual countries and replaced it with quotas for hemispheres • Water Quality Act of 1965: • Required States to clean up their rivers • Silent Spring – Rachel Carson • Book about the use of Pesticides, the environment, and water quality

28. Reforms of the Warren Court: • Warren Court – Liberal Reformers • Use Judicial Review to write legislation • Brown vs. The Board of Education: • School segregation in Unconstitutional

29. Reforms of the Warren Court: • Congressional Reapportionment: Way the states redraw congressional districts • Baker vs. Carr – Principle of “one person one vote” • Reynolds vs. Simms: Federal government could tell the states to redraw their districts to make them fair for all people

30. Reforms of the Warren Court: • Mapp vs. Ohio: Evidence seized illegally could not be used in court • Gideon vs. Wainwright: Free legal counsel to those who can not afford to pay • Escobedo vs. Illinois: Accused had the right to have a lawyer present during questioning

31. Reforms of the Warren Court: • Miranda vs. Arizona: Miranda Rights • Right to remain silent • Anything you say can be used against you • Have the right to a lawyer before questioning

32. Civil Rights: • The Segregation System: • Plessey vs. Ferguson: • 1890’s Louisiana • Made segregation constitutional • Segregation continues into the 20th century: • In South and Southwest

33. Civil Rights: • Challenging Segregation in Court: • Legal Strategy of the NAACP • Use law students to prepare a battery of cases • Thurgood Marshall – Head up Legal Team

34. Brown vs. The Board of Education: • Topeka, Kansas: • Lumped together with cases in South Carolina, Virginia, and Delaware • Court rules that segregation in schools in Unconstitutional • Most important court case of the 20th century!!!

35. Reactions of Brown vs. Board of Education: • Resistance: • Reappearance of the KKK • Southern Manifesto: • 90 members of congress • Denounced the Court’s decision • Called on states to resist compliance

36. Little Rock, Arkansas: • Governor Faubus: Orders the State National Guard to turn away black students • Eisenhower: Placed the National Guard under Federal control

37. Little Rock, Arkansas: • Federal Troops guard 9 students into little Rock High School

38. Montgomery Bus Boycott: • Boycotting Segregation: • Rosa Parks – Arrested for not giving up her seat to a white man

39. Montgomery Bus Boycott: • Martin Luther King – Called a boycott in protest to bus segregation • Walking for Justice – Walk in protest of Bus segregation • 381 Days • Remained nonviolent • Supreme Court ruled Bus Segregation illegal

40. Dr. King and the SCLC: • Southern Christian Leadership Conference: • Non-Violent protests • Lead by Dr. King

41. Student Groups: • Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee • College Students • Formed in Port Huron, MI • Organized Sit-ins: • Form of Protests

42. Kennedy and Civil Rights: • Freedom Riders: • Rode buses into segregated terminals • Attacked and Fire-bombed – Alabama • Kennedy used Federal Marshalls to restore order • Violence in Birmingham Alabama • MLK Demonstrations • Kennedy sent 3000 troops to restore order

43. Southern Universities: • U of Mississippi – James Meredith (Air Force Vet) • Denied admission • Gov. Ross Barnett: Declared they would “Never surrender to the evil and illegal forces of tyranny.” • Kennedy sent federal Marshalls and National Guard to allow Meredith to attend classes. • Similar Case at U of Alabama

44. March on Washington: • August 1963 – 100th anniversary of the Emancipation Proclamation • Press passage of the Civil Rights Bill • 200,000 demonstrators at the Lincoln Memorial • Martin Luther King’s “I Have a Dream Speech”

45. Civil Rights Act: • After Kennedy’s Assassination: • July, 1964 • All Citizens should have equal access to public facilities and private businesses that serve the public • No discrimination in Education • Strengthened the right to vote • Outlawed Job discrimination based on race, sex, religion, or national origin

46. New Leadership: • The Black Muslims: • Elijah Muhammad - Lead • Black Nationalism: Separate themselves from whites in self governing communities • Self Defense: Away from Non-Violence • Malcolm X: • Shot and killed in 1965

47. New Leadership: • Black Power: • Reject Assimilation • Racial Pride and Leadership • CORE and SNCC • Black Panthers: • Militant Black Power group • Huey Newton, Bobby Seale, and Eldridge Cleaver (Soul on Ice)

48. Northern Riots: • New York – July, 1964 • Philadelphia and Chicago – 1964 • Watts Riot – Los Angeles – Aug, 1965 • 1966 – Detroit, Atlanta, Cleveland, Chicago, New York, Las Angeles • Kerner Commission: • Appointed to find out the cause • Blamed White Society

49. Death of MLK • April, 1968 • Memphis, Tennessee • Shot and killed by (James Earl Ray) • Started Riots in 125 cities

50. Women’s Rights Movement: • Betty Friedan: The Feminine Mystique • NOW: National Organization for Women • 1966 – Feminists – Women Activists • Equal Rights Amendment: • Voted by Congress in 1972 • Signed by Pres. Nixon • Phyllis Schlafly– Strong Opposition in States • Not enough support in states to Ratify