From the 1400s to the 1700s, Europe experienced an “ Age of Exploration ”

1. From the 1400s to the 1700s, Europe experienced an “Age of Exploration” The Renaissance encouraged curiosity & a desire for trade Motivations: Why did Europeans want to explore? As a result of exploration, European nations grew powerful & spread their influence throughout the world

2. Gold (Money) Merchants began looking for quick, direct trade routes to Asia to avoid Muslim & Italian merchants & increase profits A desire for new sources of wealth was the main reason for European exploration The Crusades & Renaissance stimulated European desires for exotic Asian luxury goods

3. Glory Kings who sponsored voyages of exploration gained overseas colonies, new sources of wealth for their nation, & increased power The Renaissance inspired new possibilities for power & prestige Exploration presented Europeans the opportunity to rise from poverty and gain fame, fortune, & status

4. God EuropeanChristians, especially Catholics, wanted to stop the spread of Islam & convert non-Christians to the faith Explorers were encouraged to spread Christianity or bring missionaries who would focus only on conversions

5. The Age of Exploration Means: How were explorers able to sail so far & make it back again? Before the Renaissance, sailors did not have the technology to sail very far from Europe & return

6. Navigation Trade & cultural diffusion during the Renaissance introduced new navigation techniques to Europeans

7. Astrolabe used stars to show direction

8. Magnetic compass made sailing more accurate

9. Maps were more accurate and used longitude & latitude

10. European shipbuilders built a better ship; The caravel was a strong ship that could travel in the open seas & in shallow water Caravels had triangular lateen sails that allowed ships to sail against the wind A moveable rudder made the caravel more maneuverable Cannons & rifles gave ships protection

11. The Age of Exploration Who were the explorers, where did they go, & how did they change world history?

12. Europeans were not the first to explore the oceans in search of new trade routes Islamic merchants explored the Indian Ocean & had dominated the Asian spice trade for centuries before European exploration

13. Early Exploration From 1405 to 1433, Zheng He led the Chinese treasure fleet on 7 expeditions to SE Asia, India, & Africa during the Ming Dynasty

14. But in the late 1400s, the European sailors did what neither Muslim nor Chinese explorers could: Begin global (not regional) exploration & create colonies to increase their wealth & power

15. Portugal was the early leader in the Age of Exploration In Portugal, Prince Henry the Navigator started a school of navigation to train sailors He brought in Europe’s best map-makers, ship-builders, & sailing instructors He wanted to discover new territories, find a quick trade route to Asia, & expand Portugal’s power

16. Prince Henry’s navigation school & willingness to fund voyages led the Portuguese to be the 1st to explore the west coast of Africa Vasco da Gama was the 1st explorer to find a direct trade route to Asia by going around Africa to get to India Portugal gained a sea route to Asia that brought them great wealth

17. During the Age of Exploration, Portugal created colonies along the African coast, in Brazil, & the Spice Islands in Asia

18. The Spanish government saw Portugal’s wealth & did not want to be left out More than any other European monarch, Ferdinand & Isabella of Spain sponsored & supported overseas expeditions

19. Like most educated men of the Renaissance, Columbus believed the world was round & thought he could reach Asia by sailing west Columbus reached the Bahamas in America but thought that he had reached islands off the coast of India He made 4 trips to “India” never knowing he was in “America”

20. “Tierra! Tierra!” • October 12, 1492 • Columbus’s fleet meets land • Columbus claims San Salvador for Spain • Thought it was East Indies • Actually the Caribbean Islands • Found natives he called “Indians” • Returns to Spain, and the king and queen agree to sponsor future voyages.

21. Amerigo Vespucci 1502 – sailed along coast of South America Determined that it was not part of Asia Decided it was a continent by itself Geographers called it America

22. Despite the fact that Columbus never found Asia, Ferdinand Magellan still thought he could reach Asia by sailing West Magellan became the first explorer to circumnavigate the Earth (go all the way around)

23. Sailing Around the World • Ferdinand Magellan • Portuguese man that sailed for Spain • Sailed around the southern tip of South America • Named the ocean the Pacific • “Pacifico” – peaceful in Spanish • Crew sailed all the way to Spain 1522

24. During the Age of Exploration, Spain created colonies in North & South America

25. Spain sent explorers called conquistadors to the New World to find gold, claim land, & spread Christianity Hernan Cortez conquered the Aztecs Francisco Pizarro conquered the Inca The influx of gold from America made Spain the most powerful country in Europe during the early years of the Age of Exploration

26. Why Spain Succeeded • Weapons and Animals • Guns and Cannons • Horses and dogs • Other Natives in the Areas • Disliked Aztec and Inca • Assisted Spanish • Disease • Natives had no immunity to European illness

27. Spain in Florida • Juan Ponce De Leon • First Spanish landing in North America • East coast of Florida in 1513 • Hoped to find “Fountain of Youth” • St. Augustine • Settled 1565 in modern Florida • First Spanish settlement in North America

28. The Seven Cities of Cibola • Mythical empire of great riches • Rumored to exist in the southern part of North America • Many European explorers searched but never found • Hernando de Soto • Francisco Vasquez de Coronado

29. Spanish Rule • 3 kinds of settlements • Pueblos: towns • Missions: religious communities • Presidios: military fort • Encomienda System • Granted by Spanish government • Right to demand labor and taxes from natives • Led to formation of plantations

30. Social Classes

31. Plantation System • Large profits for Spanish from exporting crops • Used natives to work the fields • Bartolome de Las Casas • Spanish priest • Suggested using African Slaves rather than Native Americans as slaves

32. What is the Protestant Reformation? • Protestant Reformation- a religious movement in the 1500’s that split the Christian church in Western Europe and led to the establishment of a number of new churches. • People grew displeased with the churches… • Financial Corruption • Abuse of Power • Immorality

33. What happens to spark the Reformation? • Pope Leo X needs money to build St. Peter’s Basilica…so he sells indulgences! • Indulgences- were pardons issued by the pope that people could buy to reduce a soul’s time in purgatory = (People could buy forgiveness) • Martin Luther’s Ninety Five Theses

34. Language Barriers • Most uneducated people didn’t understand Latin, but knew the local common language or “vernacular”. • Almost all Bibles were written in LATIN before the Reformation. • It was the job of the church clergy to translate the Bible to lay people.

35. Martin Luther • Luther was a German monk and professor of theology (religion) at the University of Wittenberg. • One of the many leaders of the Protestant Reformation. • Luther objected to a saying attributed to Johann Tetzel that "As soon as the coin in the coffer rings, the soul from purgatory springs."

36. Luther’s 95 Theses In 1517, the 95 Theses were nailed to a church door. They were written in Latin. Luther’s intention: NOT TO BREAK WITH CHURCH, BUT REFORM IT! Criticized: • Indulgences • Power of Pope • Wealth of Church God’s Grace won by FAITH ALONE! Catholic View: Good Works

37. Excommunication • In 1520 Pope Leo X excommunicated Luther. • Excommunication- expelled him from the church. • Holy Roman Emperor Charles V passed measures to suppress Luther’s writings. • Lutheran princes in Germany issued a protestation or protest. • Hence the term Protestant!

38. In England, the Reformation began with the King! • King Henry VIII • The king who had six wives… • He wants a SON! Lines provided in notes to write down story of King Henry VIII.

39. The Reformation Parliament • Was a gathering that led to the decision that England was no longer under the authority of the pope. • Act of Supremacy • Subjects were required to take an oath declaring Henry VIII to be “Supreme Head of the Church of England”

40. Longstanding Effects of Henry VIII • His legitimate children: Mary, Elizabeth, and Edward (dies). • Queen Mary I or “Bloody Mary” • Raised Catholic like her mother Catherine of Aragon; she reestablished the Catholic Church in England. She killed many protestants and had approximately 300 heretics burned at the stake. • Queen Elizabeth I (Ends the House of Tudor) • Raised Protestant and ruled England for 44 years. Ruled during the Spanish Armada, and never married…known as the Virgin Queen.

41. England, France, & the Netherlands became involved in overseas exploration & colonization as well

42. Establishing Colonies • King Philip of Spain invaded England. Spain sent the Spanish Armada (fleet) of 132 ships to England. • English ships were smaller and faster they defeated Spain’s Armada. • This marked the end of Spain’s control of the sea and England was free to develop colonies in North America. • Catholics from Spain and France worked to spread the their faith among Native Americans. • Dutch and English protestant set up colonies along Atlantic coast. • In 1500’s and early 1600’s France, England, and Netherlands sent explorers to North America.

43. Northwest Passage • Explorers hoped to discover the Northwest Passage (direct route) to Asia • In 1497 John Cabot sailing for England to find the Northwest passage to Asia, but he didn’t find it he probably landed on the coast of modern day Newfoundland. • In 1524 France hired Giovanni de Verrazano to look for a route to the Northwest passage. • He explored the coast of North America from Nova Scotia down to the Carolinas. • In 1535 French explorer Jacquez Cartier sailed up the St. Lawrence River hoping it would lead to the Pacific Ocean. • He found a mountain peak named Mont Royal “Royal Mountains present day Montreal.

44. The Netherlands hired Henry Hudson to find Northwest Passage, but he didn’t instead he discovered the river that is named after him in 1609. • A year later Hudson discovered a huge bay he thought led to the Pacific ocean. Later the bay was named Hudson Bay. • Hudson’s crew got impatient and rebelled against him and threw him, his son, and a few sailors adrift in a small boat never to be seen again.

45. French and Dutch Settlements • French explorers trailed the Spanish by many years. • At first the French were most interested in natural resources including fish, and fur. • French traded with Native Americans, built forts for trading. • In 1663 New France became a royal colony • In 1682 Robert Cavelier de la Salle followed the Mississippi river all the way to the Gulf of Mexico. He claimed the region for France he named it Louisiana in honor of Louis XIV • In 1718 New Orleans was founded by the French.

46. New France and New Netherland • French settlement in North America advanced slowly. • New France made up estates along the St. Lawrence River tenant farmers paid rent and worked the land for a set period of time. • French got along well with Native Americans they tried to learn their languages, and respect their way of life. • They built Missionaries and tried to convert Native Americans to Catholicism, but they did not try to change their customs. • The Netherland’s were small country with limited farmland thus the importance of establishing colonies in North America • New Amsterdam the heart of New Netherland town built on the tip of Manhattan • In 1626 governor Peter Minuit brought the island from Manhattoes people 60 Dutch guilders ($24)

47. Territiories

48. The French would soon carve out a large colony along the Mississippi River from Canada to New Orleans

49. The French explorer Samuel de Champlain searched Canada for a northwest passage to Asia After failing to do so, Champlain founded the French colony of Quebec

50. Unlike other European nations whose kings paid for colonies, the English colonies were paid for by citizens who formed joint-stock companies English colonies formed along the Atlantic Coast of North America by colonists motivated either by religion or wealth