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Animal Reproduction

Discover the male and female reproductive systems in animals, their importance in genetic improvement and increased income, and the management practices for maximizing profits. Explore the anatomy and functions of reproductive organs and hormones in males and females. Learn about semen collection and artificial insemination. Answer thought-provoking questions to deepen your understanding.

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Animal Reproduction

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  1. Animal Reproduction Lesson 1 – Male Reproductive System Lesson 2 – Female Reproductive System

  2. Which one of the following management practices will make a producer the most money? • Nutrition & Feeding Programs • Facilities Set-up • Disease and Illness Control • Reproduction Answer: Reproduction

  3. 30 Cow Herd 80% Calf Crop 24 Calves Sell Calves at 500 pounds for $2.50 per pound. $30,000 Income 30 Cow Herd 90% Calf Crop 27 Calves Sell Calves at 500 pounds for $2.50 per pound. $33,750 Income Let’s Think About it…. Put on those Thinking Caps That's $3750 more!

  4. Why else do we study Animal Reproduction? Well which heifer do you want on your farm?

  5. What is another reason we study animal reproduction?

  6. The 3 main reasons we study Animal Reproduction: • Increase income because we have more offspring • Make genetic improvements • Identify reproductive problems

  7. Male Physically mount the female for breeding Produce large amounts of sperm Contribute 50% of the offspring’s genetic makeup Able to breed multiple females in a short period of time. Female Physically stand for the male Produce 1 or more eggs for fertilization Contribute 50% of the offspring’s genetic makeup Provide a safe site for fertilization Nurture the egg as it grows into an embryo then fetus Give birth to the offspring Produce colostrum and milk for offspring Protect offspring from predators OK….I know it is important to study animal reproduction, but who is more important….the male or female?

  8. Lesson 1 – Male Reproduction What do you notice about the following animals?

  9. Reproductive System of the Bull Prostate Gland Cowper’s Gland Seminal Vesicles Retractor Muscle Urinary Bladder Vas Deferens Urethra Penis Sigmoid Flexure Sheath Testicle Epididymis Scrotum

  10. Reproductive System of the Boar Seminal Vesicles Prostate Gland Vas Deferens Cowper’s Gland Urinary Bladder Retractor Muscle Urethra Sigmoid Flexure Testicle Penis Epididymis Scrotum Sheath

  11. Reproductive System of the Ram Prostate Gland Seminal Vesicles Cowper’s Gland Retractor Muscle Urinary Bladder Urethra Penis Sigmoid Flexure Vas Deferens Sheath Epididymis Testicle Scrotum

  12. Reproductive System of the Stallion Seminal Vesicles Prostate Gland Urinary Bladder Cowper’s Gland Vas Deferens Urethra Retractor Muscle Testicle Scrotum Sheath Penis Epididymis

  13. Reproductive System of the Dog Prostate Retractor Muscle Urinary Bladder Urethra Vas Deferens Epididymis Testicle Scrotum Prepuce Penis

  14. Reproductive System of the Rabbit Prostate Urethra Seminal Vesicles Urinary Bladder Penis Vas Deferens Scrotum Prepuce Epididymis Testicle

  15. For the most part….they all have the same reproductive parts. • Testicles – produce sperm and the hormone testosterone • Scrotum – holds testicles, regulates temperature • Sperm must be below body temperature • Epididymis – Stores sperm until use • Vas deferens – connection tube • Urethra – carries sperm & urine to the penis

  16. Reproductive parts continued… Sperm now becomes semen • Seminal Vesicles – fluid to protect the sperm • Prostate Gland – milky fluid to nourish sperm • Cowper’s Gland – fluid cleans urine out of penis • Sigmoid Flexure – muscle extends penis out of body

  17. Reproductive parts continued… • Retractor Muscle – pulls penis back into the body • Penis – deposits semen into female and excretes urine • Sheath/Prepuse – external skin which protects the penis

  18. Bull Reproductive Tract

  19. Structure of the Testicle • Cryptorchid – no testicles • Monorchid – one testicle

  20. Structure of the Penis What causes ejaculation? • Bull – temperature • Ram - ?? • Boar – pressure • Stallion – nerves

  21. Collecting Semen in Stallion & Bull • http://dsc.discovery.com/tv-shows/dirty-jobs/videos/horse-breeding.htm • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9ryKkm6oF4g • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qgf6h588v-I

  22. How much semen is produced & useable during AI

  23. Review from last week- Bell work • What did you learn? • What was the most interesting thing? • Review the male swine anatomy while you wait. (hint, hint)

  24. Male Reproductive Hormones • GnRH – controls pituitary gland • LH – produces testosterone • FSH – 1 hormone needed to produce sperm • *Testosterone – other hormone needed to produce sperm & cause body to change and develop libido

  25. Questions • If you have 10 mares with a 80% foal rate, how many foals are born? • Which one of the 3 reasons to study animal reproduction is the most important in your mind? Tell me why you picked that one. • How does the scrotum react to different types of climate? • What is the difference between the seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and cowper’s gland? • What is the two primary functions of testosterone in the male?

  26. Lesson 2 – Female Reproduction What do you notice about the following animals?

  27. Reproductive System of the Cow - Side View Cervix Uterus Vagina Ovary Vulva Infundibulum Clitoris Urethra Oviduct Uterine Horn Urinary Bladder

  28. Reproductive System of the Sow - Side View Body of Uterus Cervix Ovary Vagina Infundibulum Vulva Oviduct Clitoris Urethra Uterine Horn Urinary Bladder

  29. Reproductive System of the Ewe Body of Uterus Cervix Vagina Vulva Ovary Infundibulum Clitoris Oviduct Urethra Uterine Horn Urinary Bladder

  30. Reproductive System of the Mare Body of Uterus Cervix Vagina Ovary Vulva Infundibulum Clitoris Oviduct Urethra Urinary Bladder Uterine Horn

  31. Reproductive System of the Bitch Body of Uterus Ovary Vagina Infundibulum Vulva Oviduct Clitoris Cervix Urethra Urinary Bladder Uterine Horn

  32. Reproductive System of the Doe Infundibulum Ovaries Oviduct Body of Uterus Cervix Vagina Vulva Uterine Horn Urethra Urinary Bladder

  33. For the most part they have the same reproductive parts…. • Ovary – produces eggs & hormones • Infundibulum – catches eggs after burst from ovary • Oviduct (Fallopian Tube) – narrow passage for egg, site of fertilization • Uterine Horn – For litter bearing animals to develop • Uterus – development of fetus

  34. Female Reproductive Parts Continued…. • Cervix – muscle which locks down uterus • Vagina – site of copulation (semen deposited) in most animals • Clitoris – stimulates reproductive tract causing waves during mating • Vulva – external opening of vagina • Urethra – carries urine

  35. Cow’s Reproductive Tract

  36. Semen Collection in Males Artificial Vagina Electroejaculation Massage accessory glands Hand pressure (boars)

  37. AI procedures in females Sheep -surgical or speculum Swine -corkscrew Horses - like cattle

  38. External Genitalia of the Cow Anus Vulva Labia Clitoris Labia Updated:12/19/2019

  39. Swollen Vulva in Sow, Cow, & Bitch

  40. Reproductive System of the Sow - Top View Uterine Body Uterine Horn Uterus Ovary Infundibulum Oviduct Cervix Bladder Opening of Urethra Vagina Vulva Clitoris

  41. What is occurring in the ovary: Females do not produce more eggs as they age, the eggs they have will just develop and be releases during different times in their lifetime

  42. Fertilization & Conception

  43. Size of Uterus

  44. Hormone Cycle 1. GnRH - Triggers FSH and LH production Hormone Cycle Begins 6. Prostagladin - Ends progesterone production Hypothalamus Pituitary Gland Ovaries 2. FSH - Develops follicle 3. Estrogen - Starts heat and suppresses FSH production 4. LH - Ruptures follicle and develops corpus luteum 5. Progesterone - Blocks FSH and LH production Uterus

  45. Female Hormones • GnRH – triggers LH and FSH hormones to get to work • FSH – develops follicle (will become eggs) • Estrogen – produced by follicle, starts heat period • LH – Bursts follicle from ovary • Progesterone – Blocks FSH & LH • Prostaglandin – Causes GnRH to get to work

  46. Role Play • Pituitary Gland • GnRH – The General • FSH – The Fish • Ovary • Follicle • Estrogen • Egg • LH • Corpus Luteum - Scar • Progesterone – Police • Prostagladin – Glad Restart Button

  47. Practice Put the following steps of the Hormone Cycle in the correct order: • FSH develops the follicle • Progesterone blocks FSH & LH • Prostaglandin ends progesterone production • GnRH starts FSH & LH production • Estrogen starts heat • LH ruptures egg from ovary

  48. Answers D A E F B C

  49. Questions: • Do females produce new follicles (eggs) throughout their lifetime? • Why is the cervix so important? • Would we have higher or lower conception rates if there was no clitoris? • Which stage do you think is the most important in the formation of the egg? Why? • What is the role of estrogen in the female body?

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