Honors Marine Biology

Honors Marine Biology Ocean Resources Module 15 April 11, 2013

Class ChallengeSit-ups: How many can you do in one minute?

Deep Sea CreaturesOral Presentation Trace, Lauren, Lucan, Joshua, Natalie, Abby

The Deep Ocean Quiz • True/False: The Mesopelagic Zone supports photosynthesis. 2. What are the light producing organs called contained in many of the organisms living in the Mesopelagic?

In the Mesopelagic Zone organisms find food two ways: ____________________ and _____________________________ 4. Define Bioluminensence:

The Mesopelagic Food Web can / cannot support its own primary production of food. 6. True / False: The more food that sinks into the Mesopelagic zone, the more life it supports.

In the Deep Sea _______________ is the determining factor where an organism lives. 8. In the deep sea there is an absence of _______________________.

Define Chemosynthesis: • Name two deep sea vent communities:

Extra Credit: Very little is known about the creatures of the deep. Scientists believe that they only know about _________ %.

1. The Mesopelagic Zone supports photosynthesis. False 2. What are the light producing organs called contained in many of the organisms living in the Mesopelagic? Photophores

In the Mesopelagic Zone organisms find food two ways: Falling dead organisms and organisms swimming into the area.

Bioluminesence is the production of visible light by living organisms. • The Mesopelagic Food Web cannot support its own primary production of food.

6. True : The more food that sinks into the Mesopelagic zone, the more life it supports. 7. In the Deep Sea pressure is the determining factor where an organism lives.

8. In the deep sea there is an absence of light. 9. Define Chemosynthesis: A process similar to photosynthesis that bacteria uses, but chemical energy is substituted for solar energy. This chemical energy is converted into energy for primary producers.

10. Name two deep sea vent communities: 1. Black smokers 250 degrees F 2. Cold seeps that produce white smokers. Less than 200 degrees F (Methane seeps) These communities “seep” out mineral-rich water that chemosynthetic bacteria can utilize.

Extra Credit Very little is known about the creatures of the deep. Scientists believe that they only know about 5 %.

Module 15 Our study of Marine Biology through the end of the year will be devoted to human intervention and the sea. The ocean provides a vast supply of resources for people in the form of food, chemicals, and recreation.

Food from the Sea The food sources from the sea are: • Fin fish • Shellfish: Shrimp, crabs, clams and Oysters • Seaweeds

Figure 15.1 What is consistently the highest yield? Because the ocean is a large, extremely productive area of the world, people look to it as a source of renewable food. Much of the developing world today depends on fishing as a means of providing an important source of protein.

Many cultures use traditional fishing methods that have been used for generations. In industrialized areas of the world, human populations are quite large, and technology has aided in more efficient fishing techniques.

Commercial Fisheries Employ satellites to identify the location of large schools of fish. Technology has produced larger ships that are able to remain out in the ocean for longer periods of time taking advantage of prime fishing seasons.

Some ships can actually process the fish while out at sea, reducing the need to return to port.

With technology, fish populations seem to be dwindling. Many fisheries employ marine biologists and other scientists to help manage ocean-creature populations to aid in preserving the species. Examples?

Traditionally, Japan has utilized a large percentage of seafood as a traditional part of their diet. While the United States are increasing their demand because of the health benefits of seafood. Globally, the rising demand for fish has led to a general increase in worldwide fisheries’ catches.

Where do you think the best fishing is located? Remember the Photic zone….this is where the largest primary production is taking place. Good fishing grounds are likely to be near coastal regions, where rich continental shelf waters are located. Here schools of fish can be caught as well as bottom-dwellers such as shrimp and clams can be harvested.

The Two most productive fishing grounds Are located where upwelling occurs bringing rich nutrient-rich water to the upper areas.

Upwelling Off the coast of Peru and Chile on the west coast of South America. Off the west Coast of Africa (with the exception of areas near the equator.)

Another productive coastal situation is where the continental shelf is exceptionally wide. This keeps many nutrients in the area for high rates of primary production to occur. The Continental Shelf only represents just under 8% of the ocean. These areas are located: Near arctic waters, Near Japan and between England, Iceland and Scandinavia.

Figure 15.2 The Two types of Commercial Fishing boats: • Shrimp Trawler • Purse seine

The Commercial Fisheries Catch Commercial Fisheries focus on many bony and cartilaginous fin fishes, shellfishes, and even worms, whales, and marine plants. About 25 to 35 % of the total commercial catch, is of a group of fishes called clupeoid fishes. These are small plankton-eating fishes that move through the ocean in tremendous schools. Anchovies, sardines, herrings, menhaden and anchovetas are some of the most common.

Entire schools of these fish are captured using a type of netting called a purse seine. It is long, flat net (up to 600 m long and 20 m deep) with weights along the bottom edge and floats along the top. It encircles the school of fish and the weighted end is drawn up like the top of a drawstring purse and the fish are trapped inside.

Other fishing methods 1. Purse Seine • Longlines • Gill nets • Trawl

Fishing Mr. Wilson’s brother

15.1 Lab: Mapping Ocean Resources Title your world map, The Major Fishing areas of the World. 2. Color the water along the coasts from Taiwan and China northward to the eastern edge of Russia dark Blue. Include the water along the coasts of Japan and the Sea of Japan as well.

Homework • Take Module 14 Test • Read Module 15 to page 362 • OYO 15.1 to 15.3 • Study Guide a-b 2 – 9 • Class Challenge: Arm Wrestling • Quiz on Module 15 to page 362

Honors Marine Biology