学术英语社科

学术英语社科 Academic English for Social Sciences

4 The Study of Society and People We live in a world today that is increasingly more complex. Why are the living conditions of our times so different from those of earlier times? How will our lives change in the future? These are the questions that lead us to the study of sociology.

Unit 4The Study of Society and People Unit Contents Lead-in Text A Text B Listening Speaking Writing

Unit 4The Study of Society and People Lead-in Task Listen to a talk twice and complete the following notes. 1 The questions the speaker raises in the talk are: a Why does everyone ___________ ? b Why can’t people ______? c Why is she spending her money _____________? d Why doesn’t the government ____________________________? e Why is the state _____________in a _______________? f What about that ___________________________? 2 Sociologists study _______________________________, look for _____________________________________________ ____________________. need an SUV carpool on lottery tickets invest more in public transportation running a lottery convenience store cup of premium coffee you bought social patterns that many people share root causes of such social patterns in the way society is organized and governed

Unit 4The Study of Society and People • Text A • Critical reading and thinking • Difficult sentences • English language for • academic purpose • Specialized vocabulary • Collocations • Formal and informal English • Signpost language

Unit 4The Study of Society and People Text A Critical reading and thinking of Text A Text Analysis How do the authors develop the text? 1 Introduce the topic of sociology by using the example. • Tragic mass murder at Columbine High School • Ethnic cleansing • War in Kosovo • How do the authors describe the world we live today in? • awash with change, marked by deep conflicts, tensions, social • divisions; marked by the destructive onslaught of modern technology

Unit 4The Study of Society and People Text A Critical reading and thinking of Text A Text Analysis 2 Explain what is sociology, including definition, scope, nature& objectives, content, and functions. How do the authors develop the text? • What is sociology? • Definition: the study of human social life, groups, and societies. • Wide scope of sociological study: ranging from the analysis of passing encounters between individual on the street to the investigation of global social processes.

Unit 4The Study of Society and People Text A Critical reading and thinking of Text A Text Analysis How do the authors develop the text? 2 Explain what is sociology, including definition, scope, nature& objectives, content, and functions. • Using the example of love to illustrate the nature and objectivities of sociology. → Love expresses a mutual physical and personal attachment two individuals feel for one another. →Falling in love is an experience arising from universal human emotions.

Unit 4The Study of Society and People Text A Critical reading and thinking of Text A Text Analysis How do the authors develop the text? 2 Explain what is sociology, including definition, scope, nature& objectives, content, and functions. However falling in love is not an experience most people across the world have; and having no connection with marriage. e.g.In the Middle age and for centuries after ward (Para. 6) Romantic love (Para 7) Among both rich and poor, the decision of whom to marry was made by family and kin. e.g. India (Para 8)

Unit 4The Study of Society and People Text A Critical reading and thinking of Text A Text Analysis How do the authors develop the text? 2 Explain what is sociology, including definition, scope, nature& objectives, content, and functions. • Content: • Sociology studies human life and social and historical influences • on it. • Sociology shows the need to take a much broader view of why we • are as we are, and why we act as we do.

Unit 4The Study of Society and People Text A Critical reading and thinking of Text A Text Analysis How do the authors develop the text? 2 Explain what is sociology, including definition, scope, nature& objectives, content, and functions. • e.g. comparison between common people and sociologists in • explaining the mass murder.

Unit 4The Study of Society and People Text A Critical reading and thinking of Text A Text Analysis How do the authors develop the text? 2 Explain what is sociology, including definition, scope, nature& objectives, content, and functions. • Functions sociology serves: • → show us the need to look beyond the surface of people’s actions and study the social context; • → teach us to try to identify general patterns of behavior and be systematic in explaining the social influences on these patterns.

Unit 4The Study of Society and People Text A Critical reading and thinking of Text A Text Analysis How do the authors develop the text? 3 Explain how to think sociologically How to think sociologically? → cultivate the sociological imagination. That’s to say: “Think ourselves away from the familiar routines of our daily lives in order to look at them anew.”

Unit 4The Study of Society and People Text A Difficult sentences • passing encounters (Para. 3) • → a short accidental meeting • The opinions of prospective marriage partners are quite often taken into account, but by no means always. (Para. 8) • → In India, when parents arrange marriages they often listen to the opinions of their children, but sometimes they just do not consider their children’s wishes.

Unit 4The Study of Society and People Text A Difficult sentences • Neither romantic love, then, nor its association with marriage, can be understood as “given” features of human life. Rather, it has been shaped by broad social and historical influences. (Para. 9) • → Nowadays the idea of romantic love and its association with marriage is taken for granted as if it has always been like that. In fact it is not always the case and has suffered changes throughout history.

Unit 4The Study of Society and People Text A Difficult sentences • A sociologist is someone who is able to break free from the immediacy of personal circumstances and put things in a wider context. (Para. 13) (结合最后一句理解) • → A sociologist must learn to detach himself/herself – to ‘think ourselves away’ — in order to observe things in a context wider than his/her own personal situations and arrive at fresh understandings.

Unit 4The Study of Society and People Text A English language for academic purpose Specialized vocabulary • social division • social being • intellectual life • human emotion • social class 社会分工社会人精神生活人类情感社会阶级

Unit 4The Study of Society and People Text A English language for academic purpose Specialized vocabulary • 人类社会生活 • 全球社会进程 • 婚姻幸福 • 公共场所 • 社会环境 • 行为模式 • 文化背景 human social life global social process marital happiness public places social context patterns of behavior cultural background

Unit 4The Study of Society and People Text A English language for academic purpose Collocations • be awash with • control our destiny • shape our lives • be skeptical of • in the form of marriage • keep property in the hands of family • in private • in the aftermath of • easy availability of sth. • a wide array of evidence

Unit 4The Study of Society and People Text A English language for academic purpose Signpost language Listing It presents a list of items in no specific order. Do the task on Page 76.

Unit 4The Study of Society and People Text A English language for academic purpose Formal and informal English See Page 76.

Text A Unit 4The Study of Society and People Suggested answers Critical reading and thinking Task 1 The tree diagram below shows how the authors develop the text about the study of sociology. Fill in the blanks according to the text. The study of sociology Introducing the topic of sociology Using the example of ________________________________. mass murder at Columbine High School

Text A Unit 4The Study of Society and People Suggested answers Critical reading and thinking Task 1 The tree diagram below shows how the authors develop the text about the study of sociology. Fill in the blanks according to the text. The study of sociology What is sociology love Using the example of ____ to illustrate the __________________ of sociology. Sociology is the study of _______________________________. human social life, groups, nature and objectives and societies

Text A Unit 4The Study of Society and People Suggested answers Critical reading and thinking Task 1 The tree diagram below shows how the authors develop the text about the study of sociology. Fill in the blanks according to the text. The study of sociology What does sociology study? social historical Sociology studies _____________ influences.

Text A Unit 4The Study of Society and People Suggested answers Critical reading and thinking Task 1 The tree diagram below shows how the authors develop the text about the study of sociology. Fill in the blanks according to the text. The study of sociology What function does sociology serve? Sociology teaches people to _____________________________ and be systematic in explaining _________________________ ________________. Sociology shows people the need to _________________________ _____________. identify general patterns of behavior look beyond the surface of people’s actions the social influences on these behavioral patterns

Text A Unit 4The Study of Society and People Suggested answers Critical reading and thinking Task 1 The tree diagram below shows how the authors develop the text about the study of sociology. Fill in the blanks according to the text. The study of sociology How to think sociologically? Cultivate _____________; “think ourselves away” from _____________________________________________________. the imagination the familiar routines of our daily lives in order to look at them anew

Unit 4The Study of Society and People Text A Suggested answers Critical reading and thinking Task 2 Answer the following questions. 1 How does the author describe the world we live in today? 2 Why does the author raise the three questions in Paragraph 2? 3 Why do people fall in love according to the authors? 4 Why did men and women marry in the Middle Ages? The author describes that the world we live in today is intensely worrying, yet full of the most extraordinary promise for the future. The author wants to show us what is the prime concern of sociology. Because love expresses mutual physical and personal attachment two individuals feel for one another. Mainly in order to keep property in the hands of family or to raise children to work the family farm.

Unit 4The Study of Society and People Text A Suggested answers Critical reading and thinking Task 2 Answer the following questions. 5 Where did romantic love make its first appearance? 6 How were the relations between husband and wife among aristocratic groups? Its first appearance made in courtly circles. The relations are cool and distant.

Unit 4The Study of Society and People Text A Suggested answers Critical reading and thinking Task 2 Answer the following questions. 7 What is basic to the sociological outlook? 8 What are the differences between ordinary people and sociologists in explaining the mass murder at Columbine High School? Understanding the subtle yet complex and profound ways in which our individual lives reflect the contexts of our social experience is basic to the sociological outlook. Ordinary people’s explanations focus on the social causes of violence in the United States, whereas sociologists can bring an even deeper understanding. For example, sociologists might study other mass murders and consider if there was a pattern in the group characteristics.

Unit 4The Study of Society and People Text A Suggested answers Critical reading and thinking Task 3 In Paragraph 12, the authors roughly explain how a sociologist would study the Columbine High School massacre. Suppose you were a sociologist, work in pairs and examine the case. You may: 1 Search the Internet for more information about the mass murder, the U.S. young generation, their living conditions etc. 2 Explore the case like a sociologist. 3 Have a discussion about it with your partner. 4 Report your findings to the class.

Unit 4The Study of Society and People Text A Suggested answers Critical reading and thinking Task 4 Consider the simple act of a Chinese drinking a cup of coffee. Work in pairs and explore the behavior from a sociologist’s view. Think about: • What is coffee? What does it symbolize? Coffee is not just a refreshment. It possesses symbolic value as part of our day-to-day social activities. Often the ritual associated with coffee drinking is much more important than the act of consuming the drink itself. Two people who arrange to meet for coffee are probably more interested in getting together and chatting than in what they actually drink.

Unit 4The Study of Society and People Text A Suggested answers Critical reading and thinking Task 4 Consider the simple act of a Chinese drinking a cup of coffee. Work in pairs and explore the behavior from a sociologist’s view. Think about: • What are the relations between coffee drinkers and the people involved in the production, transport, and distribution of coffee? An individual who drinks a cup of coffee is caught up in a complicated set of social and economic relationships stretching across the world. The production, transport, and distribution of coffee require continuous transactions between people thousands of miles away from the coffee drinker. Studying such global transactions is an important task of sociology, since many aspects of our lives are now affected by worldwide social influences and communications.

Unit 4The Study of Society and People Text A Suggested answers Critical reading and thinking Task 4 Consider the simple act of a Chinese drinking a cup of coffee. Work in pairs and explore the behavior from a sociologist’s view. Think about: • What does the Chinese people’s act of sipping a cup of coffee remind you of? (e.g. social and economic development, Western lifestyles, origin of coffee etc.) The act of sipping a cup of coffee presumes a whole process of past social and economic development. Along with other now-familiar items of Western diets — like tea, bananas, potatoes, and white sugar– coffee only became widely consumed from the late 1800s. Although the drink originated in the Middle East, its mass consumption dates from the period of Western colonial expansion about a century and a half ago.

Unit 4The Study of Society and People Text A Suggested answers Language building-up 1 Task 1 Specialized vocabulary Translate the following sociological terms from English into Chinese or vice versa. 社会分工 1 social division 2 social being 3 intellectual life 4 human emotion 5 social class 6 人类的社会生活社会人精神生活人类情感社会阶级 human social life

Unit 4The Study of Society and People Text A Suggested answers Language building-up 1 Task 1 Specialized vocabulary Translate the following sociological terms from English into Chinese or vice versa. global social process 7全球的社会进程 8 婚姻幸福 9 公共场所 10 和他人交往 11 社会环境 12 行为模式 13 文化背景 marital happiness public places socialize with others social context patterns of behavior cultural background

Unit 4The Study of Society and People Text A Suggested answers Language building-up 2 Task 1 Specialized vocabulary Complete the following sentences with the correct form of the terms in the box. cultural background intellectual life marital happiness pattern of behavior public place social class cultural background 1 This study examines the effects of __________________ on the acceptation of information and communications technology in developing countries. 2 ________________ is a judgment made by a spouse that indicates the sense of well-being or satisfaction he or she experiences in the marital relationship. 3 When sociologists talk of ___________, they refer to a group of individuals who occupy a similar position in the economic system of production. Marital happiness social class

Unit 4The Study of Society and People Text A Suggested answers Language building-up 2 Task 1 Specialized vocabulary Complete the following sentences with the correct form of the terms in the box. cultural background intellectual life marital happiness pattern of behavior public place social class 4 If we understand that a child works to perfect the adult she or he will become, then we must look at the _________________ that emerge in childhood as indicators of the adult personality. 5 It is now common practice for smoking to be banned in workplaces such as offices and in other enclosed ____________ such as cinemas, buses and trains. 6 Yale Law School enhances the _____________ of its academic community by sponsoring a variety of centers, programs, and workshops, inspired by the interests of its faculty and students. pattern of behavior public places intellectual life

Unit 4The Study of Society and People Text A Suggested answers Language building-up Task 2 Signpost language Complete the sentences with the words and expressions listed above. There may be more than one correct answer. 1 A new security system was installed. _________, extra guards were hired. 2 ______, I would like to thank all those people who helped make the conference such a success. 3 ___________ catching errors, object-oriented systems can shelter the user from the complexity of dealing with lots of different kinds of data. 4 ____, Jack would not allow it, and _______, I don’t think mom would like it much either. In addition Finally In addition to First second

Unit 4The Study of Society and People Text A Suggested answers Language building-up Task 2 Signpost language Complete the sentences with the words and expressions listed above. There may be more than one correct answer. 5 Here are some quick hints that can help make revision easier. ____, set your first draft aside for a while. You can then come back to the draft with a fresh, more objective point of view. _______, in revising a paper, you should read and reread it several times, for it is impossible to notice all the errors and things that need changing in one or two hasty readings. ______, as you read your paper, add your thoughts and changes above the lines or in the margins of your paper. Your written comments can serve as a guide when you work on the next draft. First Second Finally

Unit 4The Study of Society and People Text A Suggested answers Language building-up Task 3 Formal English Replace the underlined words in the following sentences with the ones that are more daily-life. 1 Romantic love first made its appearance in courtly circles as a characteristic of extramarital sexual adventures indulged in by members of the aristocracy. Key: appeared 2 A brief example will provide an initial taste of the nature and objectives of sociology. Key: goals 3 The theory might assert that high inflation arises when the government prints too much money. Key: appears

Unit 4The Study of Society and People Text A Suggested answers Language building-up Task 3 Formal English Replace the underlined words in the following sentences with the ones that are more daily-life. 4 Sociology demonstrates the need to take a much broader view of why we are as we are, and why we act as we do. Key: shows 5 Some countries are industrializing and may suffer some of the disruptions that analogous parts of the West encountered at similar stages of their development early in the 20th century. Key: met 6 Learning to think sociologically — looking, in other words, at the broader view — means cultivating the imagination. Key: developing

Unit 4The Study of Society and People Text A Suggested answers Language building-up Task 3 Formal English Replace the underlined words in the following sentences with the ones that are more daily-life. 7 … we need to imagine, for example, what the experience of sex and marriage is like for people — the majority of humankind until recently — to whom ideals of romantic love appear alien or even absurd. Key: strange 8 Studying sociology cannot be just a routine process of acquiring knowledge. Key: gaining 9 The sociological imagination requires us, above all, to “think ourselves away” from the familiar routines of our daily lives in order to look at them anew. Key: in a new way

Unit 4The Study of Society and People • Text B • Critical reading and thinking • Difficult sentences • English language for • academic purpose

Unit 4The Study of Society and People Text B Critical reading and thinking Text Analysis The sociological debate: the gender pay gap What is the main reason according to sociologists? Sex segregation or gender typing.

Unit 4The Study of Society and People Text B Critical reading and thinking Text Analysis Sex segregation → the fact that men and women are concentrated in different occupations e.g. In 1989 jobs that were over 80 percent female and jobs that were over 80 percent make are as follows:

Unit 4The Study of Society and People Text B Critical reading and thinking Text Analysis • The gender composition of a job is associated with the pay received for that job. • Jobs pay less if they contain a higher proportion of females. • An Equal Pay Act in 1963 has done little to eradicate pay differences attributable to gender.

Unit 4The Study of Society and People Text B Critical reading and thinking Text Analysis How occupational segregation leads to a gender gap in pay? Sociologists and economists differ in their explanations.

Unit 4The Study of Society and People Text B Critical reading and thinking Text Analysis

Unit 4The Study of Society and People Text B Difficult sentences • The reason that sex segregation is problematic is because the gender composition of a job is associated with the pay received for that job. (Para. 4) → If there is sex segregation in occupations then the pay received for certain jobs are not based on the intrinsic value of the work but on the gender composition, that is to say, if an occupation is predominantly female, the jobs are paid less.

Unit 4The Study of Society and People Text B Difficult sentences • Central to this argument is the assumption that women’s primary allegiance is to home and family; thus they seek undemanding “dead-end” jobs that require little personal investment in training or skills acquisition so that they can better tend to their household responsibilities. (Para. 7) →The main assumption behind the argument is that …women try to find jobs that are not challenging, and are not promising because such jobs do not demand much training and skills. They do this because they want to devote much of their time and energy to household work.

学术英语 社科