United States History The Cold War Conflicts

2. United States HistoryThe Cold War Conflicts

3. The Cold War 1945-1991

4. Cold War Begins • a non-military battle of diplomacy and propaganda between the United States and Soviet Union • Lasted from 1945-1990 • led to “hot” wars around globe in Korea, Vietnam - Many of the smaller wars were called proxy wars because the U.S. and U.S.S.R. never fought face to face

9. U.S. vs. USSR (Soviet Union) U.S. U.S.S.R Capitalism Communism Private property State owns Democratic Totalitarian

11. The Ideological Struggle Soviet & Eastern Bloc Nations[“Iron Curtain”] US & the Western Democracies GOAL spread world-wide Communism GOAL “Containment” of Communism & the eventual collapse of the Communist world.[George Kennan] METHODOLOGIES: • Espionage [KGB vs. CIA] • Arms Race [nuclear escalation] • Ideological Competition for the minds and hearts of Third World peoples [Communist govt. & command economy vs. democratic govt. & capitalist economy]  “proxy wars” • Bi-Polarization of Europe [NATO vs. Warsaw Pact]

12. The “Iron Curtain” From Stettin in the Balkans, to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lies the ancient capitals of Central and Eastern Europe.-- Sir Winston Churchill, 1946

13. FIGHTING COMMUNISM CONTAINMENT POLICY: The U.S. would work to stop the spread of communism. 1. Truman Doctrine 2. Marshall Plan 3. NATO and other alliances

14. 4. The Truman Doctrine & Domino Theory Truman Doctrine: U.S. would aid countries around the world who are fighting communism (like Greece and Turkey). Domino Theory: If the U.S. doesn’t fight communism, then countries will fall to communism like dominos.

15. The ‘Truman Doctrine’ • Truman had been horrified at the pre-war Allied policy of appeasement and was determined to stand up to any Soviet intimidation.The Truman Doctrinein March 1947 promised that the USA “would support free peoples who are resisting subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures”. • Triggered by British inability to hold the line in Greece, it was followed by aid to Greece and Turkey, and also money to help capitalists to stop communists in Italy and France.It signalled the end of “isolationst”policies.

16. The Marshall Plan 1948 • Plan to aid Europe—in ruins • Prevent countries from falling to communists • Aid American business • $17 billion to 16 countries in Europe (not Soviet Union)

17. The ‘Marshall Plan’ • The Marshall Planoffered huge sums to enable the economies of Europe to rebuild after World War II, and, by generating prosperity, to reject the appeal of Communism. The Soviet Union (USSR) prevented Eastern European countries from receiving American money.

18. NATO vs. WARSAW PACT North Atlantic Treaty Organization: military defense alliance among U.S. and Europe against the Soviet Union. Still exists. Warsaw Pact: Defense alliance among Soviet Union and its satellite governments in Eastern Europe.

19. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (1949) • United States • Belgium • Britain • Canada • Denmark • France • Iceland • Italy • Luxemburg • Netherlands • Norway • Portugal • 1952: Greece & Turkey • 1955: West Germany • 1983: Spain

20. NATO NATO ALLIANCE AND WARSAW PACT CommunisticWarsaw Pact CommunisticWarsaw Pact

21. Warsaw Pact (1955) • U. S. S. R. • Albania • Bulgaria • Czechoslovakia • East Germany • Hungary • Poland • Rumania

22. Postwar Germany • Divided into 4 zones: • West Germany – U.S., Britain, and France • East Germany- Soviets • Capitol city of Berlin divided into 4 zones (in East Germany)

24. Iron Curtain – A term used by Winston Churchill to describe the separating of Those communist lands of East Europe from the West. Divided Germany

25. Berlin • West Berlin, was an outpost of Western democracy and economic success deep within the communist zone – like a capitalist island within communist East Germany • The Berlin Blockadewas an attempt to starve West Berlin into submitting [giving up] to the communistIt was felt by both sides that Berlin could act as the trigger for general war between capitalist and communist countries

26. Berlin Airlift · President Truman decided to avoid the blockade by flying in food and other supplies to the needy people of West Berlin. · At times, over 5,000 tons of supplies arrived daily.

30. STOP • END Day 1 of notes

31. Post War Japan: • U.S. occupied – under General MacArthur • New constitution • Democracy with Emperor as figurehead • Rebuild economy • Abolished army and navy • Tokyo trials convicted war criminals

34. Mao’s Revolution: 1949 Who lost China?

35. Growing Interest in China People’s Republic of China: • In the 1940’s, China was embroiled in a civil war. Nationalists Led by Chiang Kai-shek Communists Led by Mao Zedong

36. The U.S. gave the Chiang Kai-shek millions of dollars, but the communists won the war.

37. China became a communist country, and Chiang Kai-shek and his forces fled to Taiwan.

38. Taiwan • Products made in Taiwan

40. Korean War[1950-1953]

41. Korean War[1950-1953] Kim Il-Sung Syngman Rhee “Domino Theory”

42. MacArthur at Inch'on landing • U.S. General Douglas MacArthur led the U.N. force, approximately 80% of which were U.S. soldiers.

43. Korean War, 1950-53 • Divided north and south at 38th parallel at end of WWII. • In 1950, Communist North Korea invaded South Korea. • The U.S. and United Nations, aided the South; China aided the North Koreans. • Treaty signed in 1953, keeping dividing line at 38th parallel (still today). • 33,000 American soldiers died, 100,000 wounded.

44. The Shifting Map of Korea[1950-1953]

47. Truman fired MacArthur for defying him by publicly taunting and threatening the Chinese.

48. In July of 1953, the Korean War ended

49. The Red Scare • Intense fear of Communists taking over U.S. • China became a Communist country in 1949. • Soviets developed an atomic bomb in 1949. • Rosenbergs convicted of selling atomic secrets to Soviet Union. Executed 1953.

50. McCarthyism • In 1950, Republican Senator Joseph McCarthy of Wisconsin claimed that he had “lists” of communists in the U.S. government. • Falsely accused hundreds of people of being active Communists, ruining lives. • When hearings were televised, people saw that McCarthy was wrongly accusing many people. • Censured (punished) by Senate.