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Taxonomy – Classifying Organisms

Taxonomy – Classifying Organisms. The Five-Kingdom System. a.k.a. - prokaryotes. Levels of Classification. Binomial Nomenclature. 2 Part Latin names for living things ‘Scientific Names’ Genus + Species Ex/ Homo sapiens We generally use a dichotomous key to name organisms.

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Taxonomy – Classifying Organisms

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  1. Taxonomy – Classifying Organisms

  2. The Five-Kingdom System a.k.a. - prokaryotes

  3. Levels of Classification

  4. Binomial Nomenclature • 2 Part Latin names for living things • ‘Scientific Names’ • Genus + Species • Ex/ Homo sapiens • We generally use a dichotomous key to name organisms Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778)

  5. Binomial Nomenclature (cont’d) • Back then the Earth was flat, and living things did not evolve… • Now we use PHYLOGENY in combination with old knowledge to study evolutionary history

  6. 3 Domains – Based on Evolution Common Ancestor - ~3.7 Billion Years Ago

  7. Classification of Bacteria

  8. Classification of Bacteria • Light microscope was the original tool • Initial classification was based on of the shape of the bacterial cells • Cocci • Bacilli • Spirilla • Spirochetes

  9. Taxonomy / Systematics • Identification • Distinguishing features • Engine size • Mileage • Number of passengers • Type of transmission • Classification • Organization into groups • Car • Truck • SUV • Van • Nomenclature • Providing a formal name • Genus & species • Ford Crown Victoria • Chevy Impala • Toyota Camry • Honda Civic Consistent rules for all Scientists Relevant Meaningful Make biological sense Evolutionary context

  10. Domains can be Divided into Many Sub-classifications • Domain: Bacteria • Phylum: Proteobacteria • Class: Gamma Proteobacteria • Order: Enterobacteriales • Family: Enterobacteriaceae • Genus: Escherichia • Species: Escherichiacoli

  11. Binomial nomenclature • Genus & species • Escherichia coli • Genus name is always capitalized • Species name is never capitalized coli • Both names are always either italicized or underlined • Abbreviation: E. coli

  12. Old School Medical Microbiologists said… • One bacterium = One disease • So to these scientists, bacteria were also classified as to the disease they caused • But there are several types of E. coli… • So the naming system for bacteria evolved

  13. Extra Stuff for Naming Bacteria • strain or variety – a culture derived from a single parent that differs in structure or metabolism from other cultures of that species • type – a subspecies that can show differences in antigenic makeup ,susceptibility to bacterial viruses, and in pathogenicity • Four Groups Based on Cell Wall Composition • Gram-positive cells • Gram-negative cells • Bacteria without cell walls • Bacteria with chemically unique cell walls

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