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Coal-to-Hydrogen Mike Holmes – Deputy Associate Director for Research

Coal-to-Hydrogen Mike Holmes – Deputy Associate Director for Research Steve Benson – Senior Research Manager Energy & Environmental Research Center University of North Dakota. Webinar August 7, 2008. Overview. Introduction Why hydrogen Hydrogen from coal Key challenges

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Coal-to-Hydrogen Mike Holmes – Deputy Associate Director for Research

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  1. Coal-to-Hydrogen Mike Holmes – Deputy Associate Director for Research Steve Benson – Senior Research Manager Energy & Environmental Research Center University of North Dakota Webinar August 7, 2008

  2. Overview • Introduction • Why hydrogen • Hydrogen from coal • Key challenges • Bench- and pilot-scale testing • Carbon management

  3. National Center for Hydrogen Technology The National Center for Hydrogen Technology (NCHT) builds on over 50 years of experience in advanced energy systems and gasification development by the Energy & Environmental Research Center (EERC) at the University of North Dakota in Grand Forks, North Dakota. Annual base funding has been provided by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) since FY2005, along with funding from over 70 partners. EERC Facilities in Grand Forks, North Dakota

  4. Why Hydrogen? It can be obtained from many domestic resources and can be clean and efficient. Source:: DOE • Hydrogen can: • Reduce energy dependence • Reduce carbon dioxide • Create jobs • Improve energy efficiency • Reduce pollution

  5. Hydrogen Safety Hydrogen Flammability Testing • Tests at Miami University • 3000 ft³/min of hydrogen was leaked from a vehicle tank and set on fire. • An increase of only 1°–2°C on the inside of the car. • The outside vehicle temperature rose no higher than the temperature of a car sitting in the sun. Gasoline Leak Fire Hydrogen Leak Fire Source: Rocky Mountain Institute

  6. Fuel Cell Vehicle Market Penetration(Compared to National Research Council/ National Academy of Engineering Hydrogen Report & Oak Ridge Hydrogen Report)

  7. GHG: H2 ICE HEV & Battery EV

  8. Oil Consumption (US) US 2030 oil production = 2.72 B bbl/yr (14.3 Quads); US 2006 non-transportation consumption = 2.25 B bbl/year (6.16 M bbl/day) [Ref: AEO 2008]

  9. U.S. Energy Consumption by Fuel Type 2005 (Source: U.S. Department of Energy Energy Information Administration)

  10. The United States Is Poised to Support a Hydrogen Economy • The hydrogen economy will rely on a diverse mix for the supply of hydrogen. • Coal is a likely cornerstone for that mix, with integration of hydrogen production into coproduction of power and synthetic fuels. • Hydrogen production from coal needs to be developed with related purification, storage, transport, and end-use technologies. • Carbon management is a key requirement in hydrogen production from coal.

  11. Hydrogen Production Is Not New • Over 9 million tons of hydrogen is produced annually in the United States today. • Currently, the two primary hydrogen uses are for producing fertilizers and hydrocracking petroleum. • The EERC is not reinventing the wheel; instead, we are working on efficient, reliable, clean, and cost-effective technologies for hydrogen • Hydrogen from renewable sources • Coal-to-hydrogen • Handling product impurities • Developing and demonstrating hydrogen uses • Etc.

  12. Natural Gas to Hydrogen • For hydrogen production from natural gas to replace even one-third of gasoline use for transportation, all of the natural gas currently used (6.9 trillion cubic feet) for the generation of electricity in the United States would be required.1 • Represents 30% of all natural gas usage. • Resultingin the production of 46 billion kg of H2 or the equivalent of 46 billion gallons of gas.2 • In 2007, the United States consumed 142 billion gallons of finished motor gasoline.1 • Currently, 8 billion kg of H2 are produced in the United States each year, and about 95% of the hydrogen is derived from natural gas reforming.3 • Energy Information Association (tonto.eia.doe.gov). • Life Cycle Assessment of Hydrogen Production via Natural Gas Steam Reforming, NREL, 2001. • U.S. Department of Energy, Fossil Energy (www.fossil.energy.gov).

  13. Coal-to-Hydrogen Opportunity Coal can be a cornerstone for the diverse hydrogen supply mix, with integration of hydrogen production into coproduction of power and synthetic fuels. The United States has more than one-quarter of the world’s coal reserves, with a supply that will last over 250 years at current mining rates. About 12% more coal would need to be mined and converted to hydrogen to serve one-third of the transportation demand. Teamed with carbon management, coal-to-hydrogen technology can help meet the main goals of a hydrogen economy (energy security, environmental benefits, and economic advantages). Tremendous opportunity to increase domestic energy supply without adding transmission capacity includes hydrogen, power, advanced tactical fuels for the military, fuels for energy markets, and specialty chemicals.

  14. Selected Gasification Activities at the EERC

  15. Coal Is the Bridge to a Hydrogen Economy

  16. Centralized ProductionClean Coal Gasification to Hydrogen Advancement of coal gasification for polyproduction of hydrogen, synthetic fuels, and power. Evaluate warm-gas cleanup: Particulate and trace element control, including mercury. Sulfur removal to meet limits required for use of hydrogen in refineries, chemical production, and fuel cells. Test methods of ammonia removal. Test carbon dioxide separation and removal technologies in order to produce a clean hydrogen stream and CO2 for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) or sequestration. Test hydrogen separation materials. Producing economical, high-purity hydrogen from coal. Pilot-scale transport reactor (scale-up to Wilsonville, Alabama, system).

  17. Conventional Gasification Air Coal O2 Air Separation Unit Gasification Steam Quench Cooler and Scrubber Water–Gas Shift (sour high temperature) Steam Acid Gas Claus Plant Sulfur Removal S Tail Gas CO2 Capture (physical scrubbing) CO2 Pressure Swing Adsorption Power Generation Hydrogen Electricity

  18. “Advanced” Gasification System Air Coal Air Separation Unit O2 Gasification Steam Hot-Gas Cleanup and Sulfur Removal Mercury Capture High-Temperature Shift Membrane Separation Hydrogen CO2-Rich Gas O2 O2 Combustor Power Generation Turbine Expander Electricity CO2 H2O

  19. Key Challenges Air Coal Air Separation Unit O2 Gasification Steam Hot-Gas Cleanup and Sulfur Removal Mercury Capture High-Temperature Shift Membrane Separation Hydrogen CO2-Rich Gas O2 O2 Combustor Power Generation Turbine Expander Electricity CO2 H2O

  20. Sulfur Removal ResultsPolishing Bed • Achieved as low as 0.01 ppm H2S. 99% 99.9% % Removal 99.99% 99.999% Freedom

  21. Mercury ResultsMetal-Based Sorbent • Red Hills Lignite • 410°F • ~95% Removal

  22. Date: 6/10/2008 Date: 6/11/2008 Date: 6/13/2008 Measured Normalized Measured Normalized Measured Normalized Hydrogen 96.48 96.86 97.48 97.67 96.74 96.76 Carbon Dioxide 0.69 0.69 0.54 0.54 0.07 0.07 Oxygen/Argon 2.44 2.45 1.79 1.79 0.43 0.43 Nitrogen 2.74 2.74 Total 99.61 100.00 99.81 100.00 99.98 100.00 Real Btu (saturated) 309.52 312.10 309.20 Real Btu (dry) 315.00 317.63 314.68 Ideal Specfic Gravity 0.10 0.09 0.10 Real Specific Gravity 0.10 0.09 0.10 Ave. Molecular Weight 2.86 2.64 2.89 Hydrogen Stream Characteristics mol% • After nearly 50 hours of operation, CO2 concentration in the permeate was nearly zero. • Oxygen and nitrogen were present because of a leak in the sample system (a vacuum pump was used). • About >99.9% purity of hydrogen is anticipated without a leak in the sample system.

  23. Coal-to-Hydrogen Demonstration • Demonstrated the technical capability to produce a pure stream of hydrogen from lignite coal while maintaining gas temperature above 400°F. • Demonstration was completed using commercial or near-commercial technologies. • Texas lignite was gasified in the EERC’s transport reactor development unit (TRDU), and a slipstream was cleaned and purified.

  24. Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnerships (RCSPs) The RCSP Program represents more than 350 organizations in 41 states, three Indian nations, and four Canadian provinces.

  25. 60 GT 39 GT 3 GT

  26. Phase II: Field Validation Tests

  27. Opportunity for Energy Synergy

  28. How Do We Get There (?) from Here (?) Technology investment Education of society Investment in logistics Infrastructure development We need a national vision. We need focused regional assessments and implementation plans for the future.

  29. Contact Information Michael J. Holmes Deputy Associate Director for Research mholmes@undeerc.org Telephone No. (701) 777-5276 Fax No. (701) 777-5181 Steven A. Benson Senior Research Manager sbenson@undeerc.org Telephone No. (701) 777-5177 Fax No. (701) 777-5181 Energy & Environmental Research Center University of North Dakota 15 North 23rd Street, Stop 9018 Grand Forks, North Dakota 58202-9018 World Wide Web: www.undeerc.org

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