Do Now

1. Do Now Why did wars take so long back before the start of the 20th Century? The simple reason is that gun powder does not work well if wet or even damp. So when it rained or snowed the war typically took a break.

2. Homework due Today • Read pages 603-605 (Central European Monarchs Clash) • Define the following Terms: • Catholic League • Thirty Years War • Peace of Westphalia • Maria Theresa

3. Homework due Friday • Read pages 605-607 (Central European Monarchs Clash) • Define the following Terms: • Hapsburgs of Austria • Prussia • Frederick the Great • Seven Years War

4. New Material • Ferdinand II was head of the Hapsburg Family (of Austria) and eventually became The Holy Roman Emperor. • He ruled a section of Czech Kingdom called Bohemia. The area was Protestant and Ferdinand was Catholic, so the people distrusted him. • Ferdinand closed several Protestant churches which sparked a revolt. Ferdinand responded by sending in troops. Many of the German Protestant Princes took this as an opportunity to challenge the Catholic King. • This was the start of the Thirty Years War.

5. New Material • The Thirty Years War was mostly over religious views but land and power (really power!) were also part of the reason. • The war consisted of two segments: • 1. Hapsburg victories – They initially defeated the German hired armies (by the German Princes). • They put down the Czech revolt. As well as the German Princes that supported the revolt. • Ferdinand paid his army by allowing them to steal possessions of towns they conquered. • 2. Second phase – Hapsburg defeats: • The Hapsburg army was countered by Sweden’s well disciplined

6. New Material • The French under Cardinals Richelieu and Mazarin dominated the rest of the war. • Although they were Catholic too, the Hapsburgs feared them almost as much as their enemies. • The Cardinals did not want any other European power to be able to challenge the French kings so they united against the Hapsburgs with the Germans, Sweden (all Protestants). • Peace • The war caused a great deal of damage and had many different affects:

7. Treaty of Westphalia • The results of the Treaty of Westphalia: • 1. Weakened the Hapsburg states of Spain & Austria • 2. Strengthened France by gaining German territory (this would be a sore spot for German until World War II). • 3. Made German Princes independent of the Holy Emperor • 4. Ended Religious War in Europe • 5. Introduced the Peace Treaty – where all parties meet to settle the problems that started the war.

8. New Material • The treaty ended the idea a Catholic Empire (Holy Roman Empire) would rule all or most of Europe. • Europe began to see themselves as a series of independent states. • The independent states took longer to create / establish in Central Europe than Western Europe. The major powers in Central Europe: Poland, Holy Roman Empire, and the Ottoman Empire. • Much of this was due to the economy in Central Europe developed differently than Western Europe. • In Western Europe, as serfs gained their freedom the and joined the working class of commercial and the development of capitalism.

9. New Material • In Central Europe, the landowning nobles prevented the serfs (slaves) from gaining freedom and move into cities. • The nobles wanted the serfs to work the lands and sell the crops to Western Europe. • Nobles were powerful enough to not only keep the serfs in slavery but prevent the kings from becoming a powerful force in their own country. Thus no strong central force to enforce or protect the country’s laws or protect its borders. • The Ottoman Empire won some victories in Europe but was not strong enough to continue. Thus, this was the start of the Ottoman decline.

10. New Material • The Holy Roman Empire was also in decline. No longer possessing the ability to make demands of the various German states. • This created an opportunity for a strong German speaking families to take control of the region. • 1. The Hapsburgs: • a.) During the Thirty Years War they re-conquered Bohemia and removed all forms of Protestantism there. And, installed a Czech nobility that was loyal to the Hapsburgs. • b.) Hapsburgs centralized the government and created a standing army. • c.) The Hapsburgs re-took Hungary from the Ottomans

11. New Material • The first Hapsburg ruler Charles VI had the difficult task of ruling areas with diverse populations (something that started World War I). It lasted for a while as the Hapsburgs were the crowns of Austria, Hungary and Bohemia to satisfied the larger groups, but it could not keep them together forever. • Maria Theresa