Application examples for Space, Medicine, Biology

1. Application examples for Space, Medicine, Biology Sébastien Incerti On behalf of the Geant4 collaboration

2. Content • Medical • Radiobiology • Space • Ray-tracing

3. Medical

4. GATE http://opengate-redesign.healthgrid.org/

5. GEANT4 based proton dose calculation in a clinical environment: technical aspects, strategies and challenges Harald Paganetti

6. gMocren KEK

7. Comparison with commercial treatment planning systems M. C. Lopes 1, L. Peralta 2, P. Rodrigues 2, A. Trindade 2 1 IPOFG-CROC Coimbra Oncological Regional Center - 2 LIP - Lisbon CT-simulation with a Rando phantom Experimental data obtained with TLD LiF dosimeter CT images used to define the geometry: a thorax slice from a Rando anthropomorphic phantom Agreement better than 2% between GEANT4 and TLD dosimeters LIP

8. Hadrontherapy KEK

9. Physics settings for using the Geant4 toolkit in proton therapyC. Zacharatou Jarlskog, H. Paganetti, IEEE TNS 55 (2008) 1018 - 1025 Comparison of measured (squares) and simulated (histograms) longitudinal charge distributions in the Faraday cup for four combinations of EM physics (Standard or Low Energy) and models for p and n inelastic scattering (Bertini or binary cascade). The horizontal axes show the charge collector (‘channel’) number (with increasing depth) in the Faraday cup. The vertical axes show the collected charge normalized to the number of protons in the beam (160 MeV). View of he Faraday cup consisting of 66 absorbers (CH2) interspaced by charge collectors (brass)

10. kidneys (circles) small intestine (squares) bladder (triangles) Assessment of organ-specific neutron equivalent doses in proton therapy using computational whole-body age-dependent voxel phantomsC. Zacharatou Jarlskog et al, Phys. Med. Biol. 53 (2008) 693–717 Organ equivalent dose as a function of phantom age averaged over eight proton fields treating a lesion In the brain Organ equivalent dose as a function of distance to organs segmented in the adult phantom for eight proton fields. The distance (in cm) is based on the distance between the center of the brain (target) and the approximate center position of the organ.

11. LOW DOSE RATE BRACHYTHERAPYcontact e-mail:anatoly@uow.edu.au • I-125 seed migrated to the vertebral venous plexus – what effect does the bone have? Dose to bone ~100% greater when simulated as being bone.

12. MRI-LINAC HYBRID SYSTEMScontact e-mail:anatoly@uow.edu.au • ERE – the Electron Return Effect (exiting electrons return to patient increasing exit dose) • 6MV beam 10x10 cm • 30x30x20 cm phantom • Transverse B-field • electron paths shown only • 10 micron thick voxels • up to 100% increase (0.2 T) • lower B-fields cause the largest increase

13. PROTON COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHYcontact e-mail:anatoly@uow.edu.au Monoenergetic transmission proton beam Silicon strip detectors, record proton position and direction Human head phantom Scintillator crystal to record proton energy loss

14. PROTON COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY Reconstructed Image Digital Phantom

15. PROTON THERAPY BEAM VERIFICATION Full energy collection in scintillator crystal 511keV g’s generated by b+ annihilation • Use pCT detector modules as Compton Camera to record b+ activity distribution generated by proton treatment beam Compton scatter in Si planes • If feasible, pCT detectors will provide complete planning and verification tool!

16. VALIDATION: OCULAR BRACHYTHERAPYContact e-mail: maigne@clermont.in2p3.fr

17. TURIN UNIVERSIY AND INFN, ITALY contact e-mail:bourhale@to.infn.it • INFN section of Turin (FBourhaleb. A. Attili, F. Marchetto, I. Cornelius, I. Rinaldi, V. Monaco) • Simulation of proton and Carbon ion beams interactions with water phantoms • study of fragmentation products • simulation of on line devices for measures of delivered dose to the patient • study of radiobiological effects for carbon ion beams

18. PISA UNIVERSIY AND INFN, ITALYcontact e-mail: valeria.rosso@pi.infn.it • INFB section of Pisa (F. Attanasi, N. Belcari, M. Camarda, A. Del Guerra, N. Lanconelli, V. Rosso , S. Vecchio) • DOPET project: proton therapy monitoring device • geant4 Monte Carlo simulation of the prototype, composed by two planar active heads • comparisons with experimental data from CATANA beam line at LNS – INFN, Catania (70 MeV proton beam on PMMA phantom)

19. Radiobiology

20. Geant4 DNA • Geant4 is currently being extended and improved for microdosimetry applications et the eV scale : the Geant4 DNA project • Expected developments include : • Physics : complementary/additional theoretical models, for other target materials (DNA, Silicon,…), merging with standard EM Physics design • Physico-chemical and chemistry for the production of radical species • Geometry : atomistic approach (Protein Data Bank), voxellized approach • Biological damage stage, benefiting from experimental validation (ex. microbeam cellular irradiation at CENBG) • New examples will be delivered for Geant users Cellular phantoms DNA molecule Biological damages (DSB)

21. Nanodosimetric modelling of low energy electrons in a magnetic field • Purpose : investigate possible biological effect enhancement of low energy electrons in a magnetic field • Simulated setup • Two target geometries : • DNA-segment :represented by water cylinder of diameter 2.3 nm and height 3.4 nm • Nucleosome : represented by water cylinder of diameter 6 nm and height 10 nm • Incident particle : 50 eV – 10 keV electrons • Magnetic field : 1-10 T • Physics processes : Geant4 DNA • Comparison between Geant4 and PTB code(B. Grosswendt et al., PTB Braunschweig) • Kindly provided by Marion Bug & Anatoly Rosenfeld • Centre for Medical Radiation Physics • University of Wollongong, AustraliaPresented at the 13th Geant4 collaboration workshop

22. Comparison of cluster-size distribution • Good agreement between the two codes for both volumes • PTB-code shows lower mean cluster-size for electrons < 1 keV (left) • Confirmed in probability distribution (right):higher number of large cluster-sizes produced in G4-code than in PTB-code • Due to different cross-sections, statistical error (?) • RBE enhancement in magnetic field under investigation Probability VS cluster size Cluster size VS Energy Mean ionisation cluster-size vs. electron energy, comparison of our data (G4) with the MC-code from PTB Probability of cluster size. Comparison of G4-code (solid lines) with MC-code from PTB (dashed lines)

23. Kindly provided by Djamel Dabli & Gérard Montarou • Laboratoire de Physique CorpusculaireUniversité Blaise Pascal, IN2P3/CNRS, Aubière, France Predicting cell lesions • The mean number of lethal lesions in a biological nucleus can be expressed with a linear quadratic formula (Kellerer et al. 1978) • sub-lesions can combine in pairs to induce lethal lesions • t(x) is the is the physical proximity function, representing the probability distribution of all distances between pairwise energy transfer points in the track • g(x) is the biological proximity function representing the distribution of sensitives sites in a nucleus. • t(x) can be calculated from Geant4 electromagnetic interactions (Standard, Low Energy, Geant4 DNA) in liquid water

24. Proximity functions • good agreement between Dabli’s and Montarou’s results with Geant4DNA physics models and the estimation of Chen and Kellerer(2006). Proximity function

25. Cellular irradiation @ CENBG 1 3 2 Cytoplasm Confocal microscopy of HaCat cell Ion beam analysiswith protons (PIXE, RBS) Cellular irradiation 3 MeV alphas 3 Nucleus 1 2 3D high resolution phantom a b Microdosimetry Geant4 c d

26. Space science

27. XMM • Launch December 1999 • Perigee 7000 km • apogee 114000 km • Flight through the radiation belts • X-ray Multi-Mirror mission (XMM) Telescope tube X-ray detectors(CCDs) Mirrors • Chandra X-ray observatory, with similar orbit, experienced unexpected degradation of CCDs • Possible effects on XMM? Baffles

28. FGST AGILE AGILE GLAST GLAST g astrophysics g-ray bursts FGST Typical telescope: Tracker Calorimeter Anticoincidence • g conversion • electron interactions • multiple scattering • d-ray production • charged particle tracking

29. INTEGRAL Cassini Bepi Colombo LISA Herschel FGST SWIFT ACE Astro-E2 Smart-2 XMM-Newton GAIA JWST EUSO AMS MAXI ISS Columbus

30. ISS Courtesy T. Ersmark, KTH Stockholm

31. ESA Space Environment & Effects Analysis Section Cosmic rays, jovian electrons X-Ray Surveys of Asteroids and Moons Solar X-rays, e, p Geant3.21 G4 “standard” Courtesy SOHO EIT Geant4 low-E Induced X-ray line emission: indicator of target composition (~100 mm surface layer) C, N, O line emissions included

32. BepiC Alfonso Mantero, Thesis, Univ. Genova, 2002 Space Environments and Effects Section Bepi Colombo: X-Ray Mineralogical Survey of Mercury BepiColombo ESA cornerstone mission to Mercury Courtesy of ESA Astrophysics

33. Planets Planetary radiation environments PLANETOCOSMICS by L. Desorgher et al. L. Desorgher, Bern U.

34. Radiation damage

35. X- and Gamma-ray astronomy “Suzaku” Observatory (ISAS/JAXA and many universities) The 5th Japanese X-ray astronomy satellite Launched on 2005-07-10 High-precision and Low-noise detector systems • XIS (X-ray CCD camera) [0.3—12 keV] • HXD (Hard X-ray Detector) [10—600 keV] 35

36. Background-event spectrum of XIS Physics processes • Electromagnetic Interaction • (down to 250eV) • Hadronic Interaction Primary events from 4p Sr Used Geant4 outputs: • Physics process of particle • generation, position, • energy, solid-ID • Energy deposition and its • physics process • ParentID、TrackID、 • StepNumber Geant4 simulation (energy deposition) + charge-diffusion simulation in CCD Succeeded in representing the BGD spectrum and resolving the BGD generation mechanism 36

37. Suzaku Hard X-ray Detector (HXD) PIN*64 BGO (10～60keV) GSO*16 (30～600keV) Si-PIN [2mm thick](10—60 keV) GSO [5mm thick](30—600keV) BGO: Shield + Phoswitch BGO well + Fine Collimator: narrow FOV as a non-imaging detector -> Low Background -> High Sensitivity Complex Response for incident photons Performance Key: Monte Carlo simulator 13th Geant4 Workshop 5th Space Users' Workshop and Japan's activity (2008-10-07) 37

38. GRAS PLANETOCOSMICS MULASSIS SPENVIS SSAT GEMAT… ESA / space resources http://geant4.esa.int/

39. Ray tracing

40. Geant4 for beam transportation Courtesy of V.D.Elvira (FNAL)

41. Courtesy of G.Blair (CERN)

42. Sub-micron raytracing @ CENBG : nanobeam line design 3D field map Electrostatic deflection TRIPLET OM50 quadrupoles DOUBLET 4565 5100 Diaphragm Diaphragm 3150 Object collimator 40 40 400 250 400 Image plan X Switchingmagnet 90° analysismagnet 300 100 100 11° 90° Singletron incident beam Intermediate image60 nm x 80 nm Image < 50 nm FWHM same prediction as Oxray, Zgoubi… Object 5 µm in diameter

43. G4BeamLine http://www.muonsinc.com

44. Where to find information • Geant4 novice/extended/advanced examples : • http://cern.ch/geant4 • Space resources at ESA : • http://geant4.esa.int • GATE/ThIS : • http://opengate-redesign.healthgrid.org/ • G4beamline : • http://www.muonsinc.com • More applications presented during Geant4 workshops • http://cern.ch/geant4

45. ATLAS, CMS, LHCb, ALICE @ CERN PET Scan(GATE) BaBar, ILC… Brachytherapy Medical linac Earth magnetosphere FGST GAIA Physics-Biology DICOM dosimetry ISS Hadrontherapy