B R _ main

1. B R _ main Warm-up Exercises Background Information

2. B R _ Warm-up Exercises _ list Warm-up Exercises Journey on the Paper Brainstorming Clone

3. B R _ Clone _ list Clone News Discussion Ads Designing

4. B R _ Background Information _ list Background Information Stephen Hawking Albert Einstein Frankenstein

5. B R _ Stephen _ list Stephen Hawking Brief Introduction to Stephen Hawking Chronology of Stephen Hawking Main Achievements of Stephen Hawking

6. B R _ Albert Einstein_ list Albert Einstein (1879~1955) Monologue of Einstein Albert Einstein’s Special Theory of Relativity Albert Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity

7. B R _ Frankenstein _ list Frankenstein A General Introduction A Clip in the Novel – Frankenstein

8. B R _ Journey on the Paper 1 Journey on the Paper Now let’s go on a journey through the most spectacular 100 years in the history of science and technology to have an overview of how our understanding of the world has grown from 1900 to today.

9. B R _ Journey on the Paper 2 MATTERS OF LIFE AND DEATH — Medicine and Health 1900: Patients battle illness, while doctors can do little more than counsel (劝告) and comfort them and keep them clean. Today: Doctors treat and often cure patients with a vast array (一大批) of medicines and medical technologies, but some diseases are still incurable.

10. B R _ Journey on the Paper 3 MYSTERIES OF THE UNIVERSE — Physics and Astronomy 1900: The Milky Way galaxy (星系) (including some unexplained nebular clouds (星云)) is the known universe. Newton’s laws explain the physical world. Matter is composed of atoms.

11. B R _ Journey on the Paper 4 MYSTERIES OF THE UNIVERSE — Physics and Astronomy Today: The Milky Way is just one galaxy among countless millions we have observed in the universe. There is no set of laws that explains all phenomena in the physical world, although there are many theories. Atoms are composed of many subatomic particles, all of which derive from (来自于) energy.

12. RESEARCH INTO OURSELVES — Human Behavior B R _ Journey on the Paper 5 Today: Mental illness can be treated with a range of therapies (治疗) and medications. We know a great deal about the chemistry and the parts of the brain that control our behavior and thoughts. 1900: There is no cure for the mentally ill, who are confined to insane asylums (精神病院). “Mind” and “body” are thought of as two separate things.

13. FASTER, CLOSER, BETTER — Technology B R _ Journey on the Paper 6 1900: The only way to view the Olympic Games in Paris is in person. News about the Games travels to America via (通过) telegraph and is printed in newspapers. Today: Millions worldwide watch the 2008 Beijing Olympics on television, transmitted instantaneously (瞬间地) by satellite. The news spreads as well by radio, newspaper, and the World Wide Web.

14. B R _ Journey on the Paper 7 ORIGINS — Earth and Life Science 1900: There is no good explanation for catastrophic events such as earthquakes. The Earth is thought to be a mere 50 million years old, and the evolution of species is hotly debated.

15. B R _ Journey on the Paper 8 ORIGINS — Earth and Life Science Today: The plates (板块) that make up the Earth’s crust (地壳) move over time, causing earthquakes and volcanoes. The Earth is known to be 4,500 million years old. The genetic code of DNA, which drives evolution, is better understood every day.

16. Brainstorm some of the scientific and technological inventions. B R _ Brainstorming cell phone e-mail genetic engineering clone laptop (笔记本电脑) nuclear weapons nanotechnology (纳米技术)

17. B R _ Discussion Discussion ? Do all these inventions always change our lives for the better? Give examples to explain your opinion.

18. B R _ news News News 1 In Feb. 1997 News 2 In Apr. 1998 News 3 In Feb. 2003

19. B R _ news _ script 1 In February 1997 a group of geneticists (遗传学家) led by Ian Wilmut at the Roslin Institute in Edinburgh, Scotland, announced that they had cloned a sheep from the mammary gland tissue (乳腺组织) of a six-year-old ewe (母羊), the first time scientists have been able to clone an adult mammal (哺乳动物).

20. B R _ news _ script 2 Dolly, the first-ever mammal to be successfully cloned from an adult cell, with her first lamb, named Bonnie, is seen at the Roslin Institute in Edinburgh, Scotland in this image on April 23, 1998. Dolly, who was naturally mated at the end of last year with a Welsh Mountain ram (公羊), gave birth to Bonnie on April 13, proving that despite her unusual origins, she is able to breed normally and produce healthy offspring.

21. B R _ news _ script 3 Dolly, the sheep, the first mammal to be successfully cloned from an adult cell, has been put down after she was found to have a lung disease, the Roslin Institute in Scotland’s capital Edinburgh said on Feb 17, 2003. “She was suffering from an incurable disease,” said Dr. Harry Griffin, after Roslin released a statement saying the decision had been taken to put Dolly down after she contracted (感染) progressive lung disease.

22. Discussion B R _ Discussion What is your attitude towards clone? Clone is a member of a group of organisms or plants produced non-sexually from one ancestor. The suggested ethical and practical arguments both for and against cloning： For: Against:

23. B R _ Discussion _ for 1. Technology is not well developed. It has a low fertility rate (出生率). In cloning Dolly, 277 eggs were used, 30 started to divide, nine induced pregnancy, and only one survived to term (临产). 2. Clones may be treated as second-class citizens and the unknown psychosocial harm with impacts on the family and society. 3. Loss of genetic variation.

24. B R _ Discussion _ Against 1. Animals from endangered species could be cloned to prevent extinction. 2. Cloning would be a good source for organ and bone marrow (骨髓) transplants. 3. Sterile (不育的) couples will be able to have offspring who will have either the mother’s or father’s genetic pattern.

25. Ads Designing B R _ Ads Designing Decide for yourself which side of the issue to support and then plan a public service advertisement campaign for or against cloning. 1. 2. Use attention-grabbing images and snappy (简洁) yet informative language in your ads. You might find models of such images and language in other public service advertisements, such as (A few good examples can be found at www.tobaccofreekids.org and www.badvertising.org.) the ones that discourage people from smoking.

26. B R _ Ads Designing _ picture 1 smoking

27. B R _ Brief Introduction to Stephen Hawking Brief Introduction to Stephen Hawking Stephen Hawking (1942~ ): British theoretical physicist and mathematician

28. B R _ Chronology of Stephen Hawking 1 Chronology of Stephen Hawking — — — 1942 1958 1962 Born in Oxford, England. Entered and became especially interested in thermodynamics (热力学), relativity theory, and quantum mechanics (量子力学). Received a bachelor’s degree in physics and then enrolled as a research student in general relativity at the . Oxford University University of Cambridge

29. B R _ Chronology of Stephen Hawking 2 — 1966 Earned his Ph.D. degree at the University of Cambridge. Stayed at the University of Cambridge to do post-doctoral research. Diagnosed as having Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) (肌萎缩性脊髓侧索硬化). “I am quite often asked: How do you feel about having ALS? The answer is, not a lot. I try to lead as normal a life as possible, and not think about my condition, or regret the things it prevents me from doing, which are not that many.”

30. B R _ Chronology of Stephen Hawking 3 — — 1977 1979 Became a professor of physics. Appointed Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at Cambridge, a post once held by Isaac Newton. This is a picture of Stephen Hawking, “Isaac Newton” and “Albert Einstein”.

31. B R _ Chronology of Stephen Hawking 4 — — — 1988 1993 1996 Published his famous book A Brief History of Time: From the Big Bang to Black Holes. Wrote Black Holes and Baby Universes and Other Essays. Co-authored a book with Sir Roger Penrose titled The Nature of Space and Time.

32. B R _ Oxford University _ picture Chronology of Stephen Hawking Oxford University

33. B R _ University of Cambridge_ picture Chronology of Stephen Hawking University of Cambridge

34. B R _ Main Achievements of Stephen Hawking 1 Main Achievements of Stephen Hawking singularity A point in space-time at which the space-time curvature (曲率) becomes infinite.

35. black hole B R _ Main Achievements of Stephen Hawking 2 A region of space-time from which nothing, not even light, can escape. Nothing can escape because gravity is so strong. With the help of the following words and expressions, listen to a recording of more information on black hole. object n. 物体 emit v. 放射，吐露 the event horizon 事件视界，即黑洞的边界 entropy n. 熵，热力学概念。 fatal a. 重大的，致命的 motivate v. 激发 irritation n. 愤怒 misuse v. 误用，错用 turn out 结果是 manner n. 方式，风格

36. B R _ Main Achievements of Stephen Hawking 3 A Brief History of Time One of his books to make his work accessible to the public.

37. B R _ Main Achievements of Stephen Hawking 4 Medal of Freedom

38. By their very definition, black holes are objects which are not supposed to emit anything. It therefore seemed that the area of the event horizon of a black hole could not be regarded as its entropy. In fact in 1972, I wrote a paper on this subject with Brandon Carter and an American colleague Jim Bardeen. We pointed out that, although there were many similarities between entropy and the area of the event horizon, there was this apparently fatal difficulty. I must admit that in writing this paper I was motivated partly by irritation with Beckenstein, because I felt he had misused my discovery of the increase of the area of the event horizon. However, it turned out in the end that he was basically correct, though in a manner he had certainly not expected. B R _ black hole _ script

39. B R _ Medal of Freedom _ script Persistent in his pursuit of knowledge, Stephen Hawking has unlocked new pathways of discovery and inspired people around the world. He has dedicated his life to exploring the fundamental laws that govern the universe, and he has contributed to some of the greatest scientific discoveries of our time. His work has stirred the imagination of experts and lay persons alike. Living with a disability and possessing an uncommon ease of spirit, Stephen Hawking’s attitude and achievements inspire hope, intellectual curiosity, and respect for the tremendous power of science.

40. Monologue of Einstein B R _ Monologue of Einstein 1 Albert Einstein (1879~1955)

41. B R _ Monologue of Einstein 2 I was born in Ulm, Germany in 1879. As you may know, 1905 was a big year for me. That’s when I turned the world upside down, at least for scientists, with several new ideas. I proposed that space and time had to be looked at in a whole new way — that Newton’s view of space and time was inaccurate. These ideas became known as the special theory of relativity and introduced the equation E=mc2. Ten years later I presented the general theory of relativity. The general theory showed that gravity is not a force, as Newton had thought. It is instead a curvature (曲率) of the space-time continuum.

42. Albert Einstein’s Special Theory of Relativity B R _ Albert Einstein’s Special Theory of Relativity 1 Listen to the recording and choose the best answer. 1) Which of the following does not change according to Einstein? ______ A. Time B. Mass C. Speed of light D. Length

43. B R _ Albert Einstein’s Special Theory of Relativity 1A Albert Einstein’s Special Theory of Relativity 1) Which of the following does not change according to Einstein? ______ A A. Time B. Mass C. Speed of light D. Length

44. B R _ Albert Einstein’s Special Theory of Relativity 1B Albert Einstein’s Special Theory of Relativity 1) Which of the following does not change according to Einstein? ______ B A. Time B. Mass C. Speed of light D. Length

45. B R _ Albert Einstein’s Special Theory of Relativity 1C Albert Einstein’s Special Theory of Relativity 1) Which of the following does not change according to Einstein? ______ C A. Time B. Mass C. Speed of light D. Length

46. B R _ Albert Einstein’s Special Theory of Relativity 1D Albert Einstein’s Special Theory of Relativity 1) Which of the following does not change according to Einstein? ______ D A. Time B. Mass C. Speed of light D. Length

47. B R _ Albert Einstein’s Special Theory of Relativity 2 2) The two spaceships mentioned are exactly alike except for ______. A. speed B. color C. mass D. motion

48. B R _ Albert Einstein’s Special Theory of Relativity 2A 2) The two spaceships mentioned are exactly alike except for ______. A A. speed B. color C. mass D. motion

49. B R _ Albert Einstein’s Special Theory of Relativity 2B 2) The two spaceships mentioned are exactly alike except for ______. B A. speed B. color C. mass D. motion

50. B R _ Albert Einstein’s Special Theory of Relativity 2C 2) The two spaceships mentioned are exactly alike except for ______. C A. speed B. color C. mass D. motion