1 / 21

Chapter 14

Chapter 14. Energy Generation in Mitochondria and Chloroplasts. Protons In H 2 O. H + can move along the H-bonds in H 2 O Dissociating from one molecule to associate with the next one. Transfer of H + and e -.

rosine
Download Presentation

Chapter 14

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Chapter 14 Energy Generation in Mitochondria and Chloroplasts

  2. Protons In H2O • H+ can move along the H-bonds in H2O • Dissociating from one molecule to associate with the next one

  3. Transfer of H+ and e- • The transfer of an e- sets up a negative charge which is rapidly neutralized by adding a H+, the molecule is reduced • Reverse is true when things are oxidized

  4. e-Transport Chain

  5. Redox Potential • Redox = oxidation-reduction reactions • Depends on the affinity for electrons of the molecules involved in each reaction • Redox pairs – two molecules such as NADH and NAD+ - NADH is a strong electron donor (reducing agent) while NAD+ is a weak electron acceptor (oxidizing agent) • Redox Potential – a measure of the tendency of a given system to donate or accept electrons

  6. Versatile Electron Carriers • The respiratory complexes are made up of a metal ion bound to a protein molecule • The metal ion is responsible for the movement of the e-, skipping from one ion to another • Ubiquinone, a hydrophobic molecule, that can move electrons without being bound to a protein

  7. Quinone Electron Carriers • Can carry either 1 or 2 e- and picks up 1 H+ for each e-

  8. Other e- Carriers • Dehydrogenation complex • Flavin group • Iron-sulfur centers – carry 1 e- at a time • Cytochrome b-c1 and cytochrome oxidase complexes • Proteins that contain a heme group that can accept an e- • Cytochromes are colored due to the Fe

  9. Chloroplasts and Photosynthesis • Photosynthesis is process using the energy in sunlight and CO2 to create the organic materials required of present day cells • The chloroplast is the special organelle in plants responsible for photosynthesis

  10. Chloroplasts • Similar to mitochondria • Uses a proton pump to create ATP • Stroma instead of matrix • Has own RNA, DNA and ribosomes • Difference is that the e- transport chain is in the thylakoid membrane – 3rd membrane that makes up the thylakoids, a sac-like structure, so have a thylakoid space • Granum – stack of thylakoids

  11. Chloroplasts vs Mitochondria

  12. Light and Dark Reactions • Light or photosynthetic e- transfer reactions • Sunlight energizes e- in chlorophyll which then moves down the e- transport chain in the thylakoid membrane • e- gotten from H2O to make O2 • Electrochemical gradient is made in the stroma across the thylakoid membrane making ATP • Generate NADPH from NADP+ • Dark or carbon-fixation reactions • ATP and NADPH produced in light reaction used as energy and reducing power to take CO2 and convert it to a carbohydrate – glucose

  13. Photosynthesis Reactions

  14. Chlorophyll • Sunlight is composed of many different wavelengths ranging from violet to red • Chlorophyll is green because it absorbs all the wavelengths but green • The e- in chlorophyll gain a higher energy level when a wavelength is absorbed and then bounce around the ring – porphyrin (blue)

  15. Photosystem • Chlorophylls are in a multiprotein complex called a photosystem • Antenna is many molecules of chlorophyll that capture the sunlight’s energy that ultimately goes to the reaction center

  16. Reaction Center • Set of proteins in the thylakoid membrane • Special chlorophyll molecule that is an irreversible trap for an excited e- • Transfers the e- to a more stable environment

  17. ATP and NADPH • The light reaction makes the ATP and NADPH to synthesize the sugar • ATP made with the first photon of light absorbed and NADPH is made from the second photon of light

  18. Summary of Light Reactions • Electron from chlorophyll in photosystem II is donated to NADPH • The replacement electron comes from the splitting of water • When 4 electrons are removed (4 photons hit chlorophyll) O2 is released

  19. Carbon FixationorDarkReaction

  20. Carbon-Fixation or Calvin Cycle • CO2 joins with a ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate (5 C) by a carboxylase called rubisco • Rubisco is slow compared to other enzymes so therefore there is a large amount in the cell to compensate for this • 1 molecule of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (net product ) is generated and goes to make the sugar • A large amount of energy goes to regenerating the ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate • 3 ATP and 2 NADPH required for each CO2 molecule converted to carbohydrate

  21. Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate • Converted into glucose • Can be shuttled into the glycolytic pathway in the mitochondria of plants to become pyruvate and eventually ATP • Excess is converted into starch in the stroma which can be used at night as an energy source

More Related