Introduction to Java

Introduction to Java The String class Input and Output

Classes • A classis a type used to produce objects. • An object is an entity that stores data and can take actions defined by methods. • For example: • An object of the String class stores data consisting of a sequence of characters. • example: length() method returns the number of characters in a particular String object. String solution = ″ten″ int howMany = solution.length()

Objects, Methods, and Data • Objects within a class • have the same methods • have the same kind(s) of data but the data can have different values. • Remember, primitive types have values, but no methods.

Some String Methods • s.length() • s.equals(s1) • s.toLowerCase • s.trim() • s.charAt(n) • s.substring(start,end) • s.indexOf(substring, start) • s.compareTo(s1) • (+ if s > s1; if s1 > s; else 0) • see book p. 80-81

String Objects vs. Variables • No methods allow you to change the value of a String object. • But you can change the value of a String variable. value ofpause String pause = “ Hmm“; Hmm pause = pause.trim() Hmm pause = pause + “mmm!”; Hmmmmm pause = “Ahhh”; Ahhh

Escape Characters • How would you print “Java” refers to a language.? • The compiler needs to be told that the quotation marks (“) do not signal the start or end of a string, but instead are to be printed. System.out.println( “\”Java\” refers to a language.”);

Escape Characters • Each escape sequence is a single character even though it is written with two symbols.

Keyboard and ScreenI/O: Outline The two issues are • Screen Output – how to write to the screen • Keyboard Input – how to read from the keyboard.

Screen Output • System.out is an object that is part of Java. • println() is one of the methods available to the System.out object. System.out.println(“Hi!“);

print and println methods • Alternatively, use print() System.out.print(“When everything “); System.out.print(“does not fit on “); System.out.print(“one line, use the “); System.out.print(“\”print\” ”); System.out.println(“statement”); ending with aprintln(). • System.out.println(“c” + “o” + “c” +”a” );

Keyboard Input • Java 5.0 keyboard input facilities are provided by the Scanner class • The Scanner class is stored in the java.util package. • remember: A package is a library of classes.

Using the Scanner Class • Near the beginning of your program, insert import java.util.* • Create an object of the Scanner class Scanner keyboard = new Scanner (System.in) • Read data (an int or a double, for example) int n1 = keyboard.nextInt(); double d1 = keyboard,nextDouble();

Some Scanner Class Methods • syntax Int_Variable = Object_Name.nextInt(); Double_Variable = Object_Name.nextDouble(); String_Variable = Object_Name.next(); String_Variable = Object_Name.nextLine(); • see also p 93

nextLine()Method Use with Caution • The nextLine() method reads the remainder of the current line, even if it is empty. n = scanner.nextInt() s1 = scanner.nextLine() s2 = scanner.nextLine() • 42 is the answerand don’t youforget it • 42and don’t youforget it

The Empty String • A string can have any number of characters, including zero. • The string with zero characters is called the empty string. • The empty string is useful and can be created in many ways including String s3 = “”; • class DelimitersDemo

Documentation and Style: Outline Points • Use Meaningful Names • Self-Documentation and Comments // this line is a comment /* this line and this line are comments*/ • Use Indentation • Use Named Constantspublic static final PI = 3.142

Introduction to Java