Service System Modelling Principles Service System Modelling Workshop

1. Nikolay Mehandjiev Centre for Service Research Manchester Business School Service System Modelling PrinciplesService System Modelling Workshop • Looking at cooperative assembly of large-scale service systems • Systems comprise convergent services • Aiming to transfer lessons we learned in the automotive domain

2. Field of Interest • Target area: Systems Comprising Convergent Services • Target activity: Collaborative modelling and composition of systems • Aim: To create a modelling language and a software system which supports target activity • Approach: • Represent services and their providers as knowledge structures; • Each service provider is supported by a software agent on the software platform • Construct a system where software agents can collaboratively create a model of complex service systems, reasoning over knowledge structures to achieve optimal composition

3. This presentation • Establishes motivation and objectives • Outlines formative experiences from the automotive domain • Presents our contributions • Charts further work

4. A. Motivation Conventional & Software Services are becoming intertwined into Convergent Services. Convergent Service Composition ≟ Virtual Organisation Formation • Using software service concepts and technology to create innovative Convergent Services [2,3] • Designing better software using ideas from conventional services [47] How to integrate both sides above to deliver efficient and effective convergent service systems? (this presentation)

5. A. Initial Model of Software-as-a-Service • Orthogonal (and pre-dating) the SOA • Enables flexibility of software using ideas from service organisations; • Provide uniform mechanisms for composing convergent services

6. A. Aim and Objectives Aim: To create a modelling language and a software system which supports the collaborative creation of complex systems comprising convergent services Approach: • Represent services and their providers as knowledge structures; • Each service provider is supported by a software agent on the software platform • Construct a system where software agents can collaboratively create a model of complex service systems, reasoning over knowledge structures to achieve optimal composition. Objectives: • Start from the meta-model we have created for the domain of automotive manufacturing; • Study specific features of convergent systems which differentiate them from virtual enterprises in automotive manufacturing; • Customise meta-model from (1) into a language for collaborative modelling and creation of service systems • Validate (3)

7. This presentation • Establishes motivation and objectives • Outlines formative experiences from the automotive domain • Presents our contributions • Charts further work

8. B. Experiences in Automotive Manufacturing OEM Tier 1 Suppliers (Systems and Modules) Tier 2 Suppliers (Automotive Components) Tier 3 Suppliers (Raw Materials, Standard Parts) (taken from Galbraith (2002)) Traditional Hierarchy But also direct interactions between OEM and Tiers 2 and 3

9. B. Virtual Organization Lifecycle Model (Strader 1998)

10. B. Experiences – Research Programme • Collaborators: Intier, MAN, Hanomag, Atos Origin, SAP, iNet, Profactor, TUe, Linz Uni • And a number of PhD projects, for example: • Designing agent systems – roles and interactions - MaBE • Decision-making when outsourcing processes - CrossWork • Ecosystem-based model for system evolution - SUDDEN

11. B. Experiences – Case Study Illustrations • Hanomag / Härtol / Peddinghaus • Magna Intier BMW X series • Automotive Cluster in Upper Austria • MAN waterpump • Graf Carello electric vehicles • Schneegans Silicon - Oil dipstick • Technology Cluster Genoa MaBE CrossWork SUDDEN Commius

12. B. Experiences – focus on VE formation • Speed of change • Complexity • Customer demands

13. B. Experiences – focus on VE formation • Speed of change – reducing time to market, rapid evolution • Complexity – automate selection processes, innovative solutions • Customer demands – attention to quality and price “Instant Virtual Enterprise”

14. B. Integrating Service views in SUDDEN SUDDEN aims to empower SMEs by enabling them to act as designers and coordinators of collaborative supply networks within automotive ecosystems. Each SME: • offers a number of convergent services with formal semantic descriptions; • has a presence on the marketplace/platform as a service provider; and • is described by a rich profile of capabilities and previous history of collaborations. The system combines these services in a virtual organisation / supply network using a sophisticated process integrating the following mechanisms: • top-down planning using centralised domain knowledge; • bottom-up consortium formation using notice-boards, agents and decentralised knowledge about value-added by each SME; • SMEs can change their services to fit in with a lucrative opportunity; • evaluation of teams using both individual and collaboration metrics.

15. This presentation • Establishes motivation and scope for our work • Outlines formative experiences from the automotive domain • Presents our contributions • Charts further work

16. C. Our Contributions 1. Organising Framework: • a recursive model of a VE, plus • a set of model construction operators 2. Focused techniques and innovative solutions • Creating Convergent Services • innovative service composition using distributed knowledge [9] • negotiation for service composition [4,5,10] • holistic support for eProcess negotiation [11] • cooperation in service procurement negotiations [12] • Adaptation of service supply ecosystems • ecosystem-inspired model of service supply chain adaptation [13] • flexible interactions between marketplace participants [14] • User involvement in service construction • tradeoffs between risks and benefits of user involvement [15] • visual Interfaces for creating convergent services [16]

17. C. Contributions: Organising Framework • responsibility-led operationalisation • discretionary process steps • coordination processes Discretionary step designation Elaboration Decomposition Operationalisation Responsibility

18. C. Contributions: Detailed Model and Principles Model principles • Iterative elaboration of goals and appointing service providers • Devolved decision-making – service providers choose services to bind • Situatedness – instantiating some services is left till run-time

19. C. Contributions: Top-Down Service Composition 1. Decompose Global Process. 2. Matchmake at appropriate levels.

20. C. Contributions: Bottom-up Service Composition 1. Suppliers offer capabilities. 2. Global process emerges.

21. Graf Carello – Example

22. C. Contributions Flexible reaction to changes • Discretionary steps create space for situated action • Switching of suppliers • Switching of processes allows for re-planning • Switching of coordination processes Meta-Management Meta-level Inter-level Work Coordination Supplier Selection Team formation System Goals Activities, Dependencies, Resources Factors

23. This presentation • Establishes motivation and scope for our work • Outlines formative experiences from the automotive domain • Presents our contributions • Charts further work

24. D. Further Work • Process-focused service systems composition • Apply team formation to semantic service composition and transport planning • Applicability of our flexibility contributions to service adaptation • including ecosystems-based approach • Integrate with end-user-development focused stream of work

25. References [1] Centre for Service Research, University of Manchester. www.mbs.ac.uk/research/csr/, last accessed Nov 19, 2009 [2] N. Mehandjiev, P. Grefen et al, Dynamic Business Process Formation for Instant Virtual Enterprises. Springer “Advanced Information and Knowledge Processing”, expected March 2010 [3] Grefen, P. et al, CrossWork: Internet-based Support for Process-Oriented Instant Virtual Enterprises. IEEE Internet Computing. Nov-Dec 2009 [4] N. Mehandjiev, et. Al. Provider-Composer Negotiations for Semantic Robustness in Service Compositions. In ICSOC 2009, Springer. 2009 [5] F.Lecue, U.Wajid, N.Mehandjiev. Negotiating Robustness in Semantic Web Service Composition. In Proceedings of ECOWS 2009. Eindhoven, IIEEE CS [6] Kollingbaum, M., Norman, T., Mehandjiev, N., and Brown, K. 2006. Engineering organisation-oriented software. In Proc. WISER '06. at IEEE ICSE, Shanghai, China, May 2006). ACM, New York, 23-28 [7] Bennett K. H., Gold N. E., Munro M., Xu J., Layzell P. J., Budgen D., Brereton O. P. and Mehandjiev N.Prototype Implementations of an Architectural Model for Service-Based Flexible Software. in Proc. 35 IEEE HICSS(2002), Published by IEEE Computer Society, CA, [8] Nikolay Mehandjiev, Iain Stalker, Martin Carpenter. Recursive Construction and Evolution of Collaborative Business Processes. In Ardagna, Mecella and Yang, ed. Business Process Management Workshops. Lecture Notes in Business Information Processing. Vol 17. pp. 573-584. Springer, 2009. [9] M. Carpenter, N. Mehandjiev and I.D. Stalker. Flexible Behaviours for Emergent Process Interoperability. InWETICE 2006, Manchester, UK, [10] J.C. Chen et al. Managing Supply Chains of Software as a Service through Agent Negotiations, in CEC 2005, München, IEEE CS Press [11] S Shaikh and N Mehandjiev Multi-attribute Negotiation in E-Business Process Composition. In WETICE 2004) Modena, Italy, 2004, IEEE CS Press. [12] Abdoessalam, A.M. and Mehandjiev, N. Collaborative Negotiation in Web Service Procurement, in WETICE 2004, Modena, 2004 IEEE CS. [13] Marín, César A., Stalker, Iain, & Mehandjiev, Nikolay. Business Ecosystem Modelling: Combining Natural Ecosystems and Multi-Agent Systems. Pages 181-195. in : Cooperative Information Agents XI, LNAI, vol. 4676. Heidelberg: Springer ISBN: 978-3-540-75118-2 [14] Wajid, U and Mehandjiev, N. Using Task-based Dialogues for Multi-Agent Collaborations, in WETICE 2008, Rome, 2008. IEEE CS Press [15] N Mehandjiev, A Sutcliffe and D Lee, Organisational View Of End-User Development, in End User Development, 2006, Springer, ISBN: 1-4020-4220-5 [16] Abdallah Namoune et al, Composition of Interactive Service-based Applications by End Users. In UGS2009 Proceedings J. Galbraith, Designing Organisations. Jossey-Bass 2002 Mowshovitz. (1997) On the Theory of Virtual Organization. Systems Research and Behavioral Science. 14(4). Oct-Dec, 373-384..