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A+ Certification Guide

A+ Certification Guide. Chapter 12 Storage Devices. Chapter 12 Objectives. Drive Interface Types Hard Disk Drives SSD / Flash Drives Identify External Removable Storage RAID Optical Drives Floppy Drives Tape Drives Troubleshooting Storage. Storage Principles.

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A+ Certification Guide

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  1. A+ Certification Guide Chapter 12 Storage Devices

  2. Chapter 12Objectives Drive Interface Types Hard Disk Drives SSD / Flash Drives Identify External Removable Storage RAID Optical Drives Floppy Drives Tape Drives Troubleshooting Storage

  3. Storage Principles • Data storage uses a file table: • An index to the filenames • Data storage can be • Internal • Externally attached • Accessed remotely • Storage devices can become unreliable: • All mechanical devices eventually fail. • Redundant data storage is essential.

  4. External/Internal Drive Interfaces

  5. Data Storage Connectors

  6. PATA and SATA Drives • PATA—Parallel Advanced Technology Attachment: • Derived from ATAPI/IDE (Integrated Drive Electronics). • Data bits are sent in parallel using 40-pin ribbon wire. • Drive jumper positions can also determine role. • Color of ribbon wire connector determines drive role. • Roles are Primary/Master and Secondary/Slave. • 80-wire ribbons offer “cable select” option for role. • Drive uses a five-pin Molex power connector. • SATA—Serial Advanced Technology Attachment: • L-shaped power cable. • Data cable has only seven wires (much easier on airflow). • Use one drive per adapter port. • No jumper blocks needed.

  7. Hard Disk Power and Data Cables

  8. Hard Disk Drive (HDD) • Used to store the operating system. • Made of circular metal oxide-coated platters: • Coating can be magnetically charged to create small areas called fluxes. • Direction of the flux makes it a binary 1 or 0. • Platters divided into tracks (concentric circles). • Each circle is divided into sectors (like pieces of a pie). • Each sector hold 512 bytes of data (4,096 fluxes): • Sectors x tracks x 512 = drive capacity • Two types of drives in current use: • PATA—Also called ATA/IDE – on older motherboards • SATA—Currently most popular

  9. Characteristics of Hard Drives • Spin Rate • Higher spin rate = faster data access • Buffer Size • Memory cache for recently accessed files • Ranges from 8MB–64MB • Hybrid features • Solid State memory combined with normal platter based storage • SLC memory is faster

  10. Hard Drive Installation • BIOS configuration (after physical installation) • PATA: • Can usually default to auto-detect. • If not hard drive parameters must be calculated and configured in BIOS under Hard Drive (HDD) settings. • SATA: • If necessary, enable the SATA host adapter. • Shut down after saving BIOS settings. • Connect SATA drive and restart system. • Enter BIOS and verify SATA drive detection. • At this point, the drive can be formatted for data storage/OS installation.

  11. SATA Installation

  12. Enabling SATA in BIOS

  13. PATA Drive Performance • Select correct PIO or DMA transfer mode in BIOS. • Select the correct block mode in the BIOS. • Install bus mastering Windows drivers. • Bypasses the CPU for data transfers to RAM. • Enable DMA/UDMA mode in Windows. • Verify that drive, cable, and adapter are compatible. • Adjust disk cache software settings. • Most of these performance enhancements are done automatically by either the BIOS or the OS.

  14. Removable Storage • Types: • USB 1.0/ 2.0/3.0 (flash memory and external hard disks) • Parallel port • SCSI • ATAPI • IEEE 1394a–FireWire (some external hard disks) • Tape Drives: • Native (uncompressed) • Compressed • Usually use SCSI interfaces • Often come with automated backup software • Flash Memory: • Many types

  15. Flash Memory Formats

  16. Flash Memory Reader Slots

  17. SSD Memory Drive USB Adapter Figure 12-19 12fig19

  18. Redundant Array of Independent Disks (RAID) RAID types of most interest: • RAID 0—Two drives with striping. • No redundancy; only good for performance. • RAID 1—Two mirrored/duplexed drives. • Data redundancy; small decrease in performance. • RAID 5—Minimum of three drives with striping. • Data redundancy; increase in performance. • Equivalent of one drive required for redundancy calculations (parity function). • RAID 10 (or 0+1)—Needs four drives. • Better redundancy than RAID 0; better performance than RAID 1.

  19. RAID Configuration • Must have a motherboard that supports one of the RAID types. • When changing to a RAID system, existing data will likely be lost. Back it up. • Sizing for RAID 5: • For maximum benefit, all drives should be of similar size. • The smallest drive determines the capacity. • Capacity equals smallest drive x number of drives minus the capacity of the smallest drive (for parity). • Parity is the math calculation performed on the drives that allows a single drive to fail and still recover the data. • Example, RAID 5, 3 drives: 40GB, 60GB, 60GB drives: • Storage capacity is (3 x 40) – 40 = 80 GB • A RAID drive is treated as a single drive after it is configured.

  20. CD/DVD Optical Drive • Optical Drive Types: • Compact Disc (capacity 650MB–870MB) • CD–ROM • CD–Recordable (CD-R) (one-time recordable) • CD–Rewritable (CD-RW) • Mini Disc (capacity 185MB–210 MB) • Digital Video Disc (capacity 4.7GB–17GB) • DVD–ROM • DVD Rewritable (DVD-RW) • DVD Rewritable +R/RW • DVD Rewritable–R/RW • DVD-RAM • Blu-ray – 25-50GB capacity • Data is created by laser light etching the surface to create indentations/pits. • Lands are the space between pits. • A binary “1” is a change from a pit to a land or vice versa.

  21. Optical Media Installation/Configuration • Internal CD/DVD: • CD is usually PATA or ATAPI (same thing). • DVD can be PATA or SATA interface. • External CD/DVD: • Typically use USB 2.0. • Installation: • Plug ‘n’ play is normally sufficient for basic operation. • Manufacturer-based drivers optimize capability. • Issues: • Disc compatibility: • CD-R versus CD-RW versus CD+R/RW versus CD–R/RW. • DVD RW versus DVD-RAM, and so forth. • Driver limitations—May prevent playback on any machine other than the one it was recorded on.

  22. Choosing File Systems for CD/DVD • Live File System: • Drag and drop file recording. • File greater than 2GB supported. • Cannot be used on many stock consumer CD/DVD players found in homes and autos. • Mastered: • Can be read by most consumer media systems. • Limit of 2GB of files can be recorded.

  23. Floppy Disk Drives Yes, they are still in use. • 1.44Mb capacity most common. • Connects to motherboard with 34-pin cable. • Has a twist in the cable. • Red stripe on side with pin 1. • 4-wire miniature jack. • Write-enabled slider—for protecting data from accidental erasure. • Use IRQ 6/address 3F0–3F7h. Have largely been replaced by USB memory.

  24. Remote Storage • Network Attached Storage: • Independent appliance connected to network • Managed remotely using HTML web page • Used in small to medium-sized businesses and residences • Storage Area Networks: • High-speed storage system • Redundant arrays (RAID 3, 4, 5, 10) • Fiber-optic connections • Used in industrial high-end data systems

  25. Troubleshooting Storage Sources of problems: • Power cable • Data cable • Incompatible cable connectors • Jumpers not set for Primary/Master or Secondary/Slave • BIOS configuration problems • Drive defects • Drive heads misaligned • Mechanisms jammed • Drive motor failure

  26. Trouble Symptoms • Read/write failure • Look for physical damage, overheating. • Slow performance • Check cable type, BIOS configuration. • Loud clicking noise indicates drive imminent failure • Failure to boot –Check BIOS settings, connections. • Drive not recognized: Check BIOS settings, connections. • OS not found: Check for MBR, boot sequence on multi OS. • RAID not found: Check BIOS and data cables. • RAID stops working: Check for drive failure.

  27. Troubleshooting CD/DVD Devices • Can’t write to media? Check for • Incompatible media: • CD-R versus CD-RW versus CD +R/RW, and so on. • Closed media (indicates not enough space): • Enable multiple sessions. • Packet-writing problems: • Rewritable media can be particular about format. • DVDs are especially difficult across platforms. • PC versus Consumer DVD playback systems. • Media problems: • Damage from sunlight, heat sources, or scratches to surface. • Incorrect insertion of media.

  28. Troubleshooting CD/DVD Devices • Types of Problems: • The program doesn't detect the drive. • The program doesn't list the drive as a target drive for writing files. • When installing the program, it indicates that no compatible CD or DVD drives were found. • The program detects the drive but displays an error message when trying to write files to the drive. • Quick Solutions: • Double-check for correctly installed cable connections. • Update drivers/software support files from the drive manufacturer. • Update third-party software; verify that the drive is supported.

  29. Disk Drive Tools • Windows • Chkdsk • Format/Fdisk • Manufacturer provided Hard Disk Diagnostics • Western Digital • Hitachi • Data Recovery/Third-Party tools • SpinRite • Partition Magic • Linux Live • Knoppix Linux Live

  30. What Have You Learned? • What is an advantage of a SATA drive? • What is the standard sector size on a hard disk drive? • What types of connectors can be used with an external hard disk? • What problems can be expected from a DVD recorded on the PC when playing back on the DVD connected to your television? • Why might the installation of Linux in a dual-boot configuration cause problems for the Windows OS?

  31. Chapter 12 Summary Drive Interface Types Hard Disk Drives SSD / Flash Drives Identify External Removable Storage. RAID Optical Drives Floppy Drives Tape Drives Troubleshooting Storage. Next Lesson: Chapter 13

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