Today is Wednesday, March 13, 2013

1. Today is Wednesday, March 13, 2013 DO NOW: Take Biology practice w/s 53 and complete

2. Photosynthesis Chapter 8

3. 8-1 Energy & Life • Where does energy come from? • Sun???? • Autotrophs • Organisms that make their own food • Use light energy • Aka producers • Sun’s energy gets turned into sugar → used for energy • Plants & some organisms Energy = E

4. Energy & Life • Heterotrophs • Aka consumers • Consume other organisms for energy • Only 10% of energy gets transferred to next organism • Leopards, humans, bears

6. Energy & Life • Decomposers • Breakdown dead/decaying matter • Bacteria, fungi • Energy released from sugars & other compounds http://techalive.mtu.edu/meec/module10/Decomposition.htm

7. Chemical Energy & ATP • ATP – adenosine troposphere – adenine, 5 carbon sugar – ribose, 3 phosphate groups • Phosphates – release & store energy • ADP – adenosine diphosphate – 1 less phosphate than ATP

8. Heterotrophs are also known as______________. • Producers • Consumers • Decomposers • All of these • Both 1 & 2 • Both 2 & 3

9. TRUE/FALSE: Plants are producers. • True • False

10. Where do plants get their energy? • Glucose • Water • CO2 • Sun

11. Autotrophs _______. • get their food by eating other plants & animals • make their own food

12. ATP is a molecule that ______. • stores & releases energy • captures energy • makes energy

13. Heterotrophs get their energy from ______. • Sun • Glucose • Plants/animals • O2

14. TRUE/FALSE: Decomposers are harmful to the environment. • True • False

15. Leaf Anatomy Stomata (stoma) – opening that allows for gas exchange Mesophyll - layer of leaf is where photosynthesis occurs palisades – packed cells that absorb sun spongy – contains air spaces between cells Vein – supplies water from roots, and delivers glucose to rest of plant xylem – carries H2O from roots to leaves phloem – carries sugars to rest of plant Guard cells – cells that surround the stoma to control it opening & closing

16. Anatomy of a Chloroplast A. Thylakoids 1. saclike photosynthetic membranes 2. where light reactions occur 3. photosystems made of pigments a. Chlorophyll a and b b. Carotenoids c. Xanthrophyll 4. Grana a. stacks of thylakoids 5. Stroma a. dark reactions (Calvin Cycle)

17. Photosynthesis A. Definition 1. Use of sun’s energy to convert water & CO2 into sugar & O2 B. Formula 1. 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + light E  C6H12O6 + 6 O2 c. Produces carbohydrates 1. Starches 2. Light & chlorophyll also needed

18. Process • 1. CO2 comes from the air and enters through the plant’s • stomata • 2. Water enters through the roots and up the xylem • 3. Minerals also come up the roots to help make food

19. Chloroplasts capture the sunlight using its chlorophyll • The energy from the sunlight is then used to split the water into H and O • O leaves plant through the stomata and into the air • H combines with the CO2 to make sugar • Plants store sugar for chemical energy • i. Travels through phloem to vacuole for storage • ii. Plants and animals eat these plants that have • this stored chemical energy

20. Photosynthesis is ________. • plants use the sun to convert H2O & CO2 into carbohydrate 2. plants use Sun E to convert CO2 into carbohydrate & water

21. Which is the correct photosynthesis equation? • Sun + 6CO2 + 6H2O  C6H12O6 + 6O2 • C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + sun • 6 CO2 + 6 H2O  C6H12O6 + 6 O2

22. The purpose of the chloroplasts is to ___________. • make the plant’s color • change the chemicals for plant’s food • capture the sun’s light

23. Which part of the leaf is where photosynthesis takes place? • Vein • Mesophyll • Epidermis • Stoma

24. Light & Photosynthesis • We see white • Really mix of different colors • Spectrum of different wavelengths • ROYGBV • Chlorophyll – in chloroplasts • Pigment • Chlorophyll α & chlorophyll β Chlorophyll b Chlorophyll a

25. Light & Photosynthesis • Chlorophyll absorbs all light, EXCEPT green • Why leaves appear green • Gets reflected • Light energy gets absorbed & transferred to electrons (e-)

26. Photosynthesis Reactions • 2 types: 1. Light reaction - dependent 2. Dark reaction - Light independent - Calvin Cycle

27. F. Light reactions • 1. Formula • a. H2O + Light  O2 + ATP + NADPH • reactants Products • 2. Occurs on Thylakoid Membrane in 2 places • a. Photosystem II • i. Water splits to provide electrons • ii. Protons stay inside thylakoid space • iii. O2 released as byproduct • iv. Protons diffuse back creating ATP • b. Photosystem I • i. electrons from photosystem II gets • energized by pigments in photosystem I • ii. E gets excited and jumps thru etc • iii. NADP+ accepts e to become NADPH

28. Light-Dependent Reactions

29. Dark reactions • 1. Also known as Calvin Cycle • 2. Formula • ATP + NADPH + CO2  Glucose • 3. Occurs in Stroma • 4. 6 CO2 enters cycle and receives energy from ATP • and NADPH (from light rxns) • 5. C from CO2 rearranged into glucose • photosynthesis • photosystem II • electron transport chain

30. Factors affecting Photosynthesis • Water ~ lack of • Thick leaves • Waxy coating • Temperature • 0° - 35° C • Enzyme damage above or below • Slowing or stoppage of photosynthesis

31. Factors affecting Photosynthesis • Light intensity • ↑ intensity ~ ↑ photosynthesis • Max rate is reached • No more photosynthesis • Varies w/ plant type • i.e. Conifers – warm sunny days

32. How many types of reactions are there? • 1 • 2 • 3 • 4

33. The Calvin Cycle is also known as the _________ reaction. • Light • Dark

34. Which reaction occurs in the thylakoid? • Light • Dark

35. The photosystems are part of the ______ reaction. • Light • Dark

36. Which reaction occurs in the stroma? • Light • Dark

37. Which is not a factor that would affect photosynthesis? • Night time • Winter • Drought • Flooding • Winds

38. Light- dependent reactions Calvin cycle Energy from sunlight Thylakoid membranes ATP Stroma NADPH High-energy sugars ATP NADPH O2 Chloroplasts Concept Map Section 8-3 Photosynthesis includes takes place in uses use take place in to produce to produce of