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The Cell and Cell Transport

The Cell and Cell Transport. Anatomy and Physiology. The Cell and Cell Transport. Functional anatomy – study of structures as they relate to function We study a typical cell (composite cell) Cell size – range from 7.5 µ m to 150 µ m µm = 1 millionth of a meter; 1 x 10 -6 meters.

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The Cell and Cell Transport

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  1. The Cell and Cell Transport Anatomy and Physiology

  2. The Cell and Cell Transport • Functional anatomy – study of structures as they relate to function • We study a typical cell (composite cell) • Cell size – range from 7.5 µm to 150 µm • µm = 1 millionth of a meter; 1 x 10-6 meters

  3. Nerve Cells • Features • Surface is sensitive to stimuli • Has long extensions • Functions • Detects changes in environment • Transmits nerve impulses throughout body http://www.becomehealthynow.com/images/organs/nervous/nerve_cell_bh.jpg

  4. Muscle Cells • Features • Elongated, threadlike • Contain tiny fibers that slide together • Functions • Contract to allow movement of body parts http://missinglink.ucsf.edu/lm/IDS_101_histo_resource/images/351Blabeled_copy.jpg

  5. Red Blood Cells • Features • Contains hemoglobin (attract and releases O2) • Functions • Transports O2 in the bloodstream http://www.odec.ca/projects/2007/nand7t2/images/rbc.jpg

  6. Gland Cells • Features • Contain sacs that release secretions to the outside of the cell • Functions • Release hormones, enzymes, mucus, and sweat http://mwsu-bio101.ning.com/forum/topics/distinct-human-celltypes-1

  7. Immune Cells • Features • Some can engulf other cells • Some manufacture antibodies • Some can destroy other cells • Functions • Recognize and destroy “nonself” cells (cancer, bacteria) http://www.jyi.org/articleimages/821/originals/img0.jpg

  8. Membrane bound organelles • Plasma membrane • Endoplasmic Reticulum • Golgi apparatus • Lysosomes • Peroxisomes • Mitochondria • Nucleus

  9. Non membrane bound organelles • Ribosomes • Cytoskeleton • Cilia and flagella • Nucleolus

  10. Plasma Membrane • Cell boundary; protein molecules serve as markers that identify cell’s purpose http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/plasmamembrane/images/plasmamembranefigure1.jpg

  11. Endoplasmic Reticulum • Rough ER – ribosomes attached synthesize proteins that leave via Golgi apparatus • Smooth ER – synthesizes lipids in cell membranes, steroid horomones, and certain CHO http://www.sciencegateway.org/resources/biologytext/cb/org/rough_er-em.gif http://www.sciencegateway.org/resources/biologytext/cb/org/smooth_er-em.gif

  12. Golgi apparatus • Synthsize CHO, combines it with a protein, & packages the product as globules of glycoprotein (proteins that contain oligosaccharide chains (glycan) covalently attached to polypeptide side-chains) http://www.beyondbooks.com/lif71/images/00016960.jpg

  13. Lysosomes • Digestive enzymes that break down worn cell parts and ingested particles http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/sciences/zoology/animalphysiology/anatomy/animalcellstructure/Lysosomes/lysosome.jpg

  14. Peroxisomes • Contain enzymes that detoxify harmful substances http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/peroxisomes/images/peroxisomesfigure2.jpg

  15. Mitochondria • Catabolism (the set of pathways that break down molecules into smaller units and release energy); ATP synthesis http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/images/thumb/2/25/Mitochondria.gif/400px-Mitochondria.gif

  16. Nucleus • Genetic code which dictates protein synthesis http://www.frontiers-in-genetics.org/en/pictures/nucleus_1.jpg

  17. Ribosomes • Site of protein synthesis http://www.cbv.ns.ca/bec/science/cell/page11a.gif

  18. Cytoskeleton • Framework to support the cell and organelles; functions in cell movement; forms cell extensions http://www.immediart.com/catalog/images/bigger_images/SPL_6_P780110-Fibroblast_cells_showing_cytoskeleton.jpg

  19. Cilia and flagella • Hair like extensions that serve to move substance over the cell or propel sperm cells http://www.pcdfoundation.org/images/Johnny%27s%20cilia%20pic.jpg http://digitaldaily.allthingsd.com/files/2008/01/sperm.jpg

  20. Nucleolus • Part of the nucleus; helps form ribosomes http://www.palaeos.com/Invertebrates/Lists/Images/nucleolus.jpg

  21. Fluid Mosaic Model • The current model of the plasma or cell membrane that we use. • It is a mosaic (made of many pieces) • Fluid – molecules are able to float around like icebergs

  22. http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/plasmamembrane/images/plasmamembranefigure1.jpghttp://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/plasmamembrane/images/plasmamembranefigure1.jpg

  23. Hydrophillic = water lover • Hydrophobic = afraid of water

  24. Passive Transport • Requires no chemical energy • 4 types • Diffusion • Facilitated diffusion • Filtration • Osmosis

  25. Diffusion • Movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration • http://www.toltecint.com/how_dialysis_works/diffusion.jpg

  26. Facilitated diffusion • the spontaneous passage of molecules or ions across a biological membrane passing through specific transmembrane transport proteins. The facilitated diffusion may occur either across biological membranes or through aqueous compartments of an organism • http://www.williamsclass.com/SeventhScienceWork/ImagesCellBricks/facilitatedDiffusion.jpg

  27. Filtration • movement of water and solute molecules across the cell membrane due to hydrostatic pressure generated by the cardiovascular system. Filtration is a mechanical or physical operation which is used for the separation of solids from fluids • http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Filtration_diagram.svg/238px-Filtration_diagram.svg.png

  28. Osmosis • Osmotic Pressure – water potential of the two solutions • Hypertonic – higher salt concentration • Isotonic – same salt concentration inside and out • Hypotonic – lower salt concentration

  29. Osmosis • movement of water molecules across a partially-permeable membrane down a water potential gradient. More specifically, it is the movement of water across a partially permeable membrane from an area of high water potential (low solute concentration) to an area of low water potential (high solute concentration). • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmosis • http://www.ndpteachers.org/perit/osmosis2.gif

  30. Active Transport • Movement against the concentration gradient (from low to high concentration) • Active Transport • Phagocytosis • Pinocytosis • Exocytosis

  31. Active Transport • Please print up to this point in the ppt. I will print copies of the additional slides for you!!!

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