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Consonants RE 3030 September 28, 2009. Speech Sound. Try producing a /p/ sound; a /f/ sound; /k/ sound; a /z/ sound; a /l/ sound. Can you tell which parts of your mouth are involved? Can you tell how they are pronounced? Is air stopped/obstructed in producing these sounds?
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Speech Sound Try producing a /p/ sound; a /f/ sound; /k/ sound; a /z/ sound; a /l/ sound. Can you tell which parts of your mouth are involved? Can you tell how they are pronounced? Is air stopped/obstructed in producing these sounds? Do you feel your vocal cords vibrating? Image courtesy of http://www.uncp.edu/home/canada/work/markport/language/grammar/spg2001/mouth.jpg
Consonants are classified primarily according to • place of articulation; • manner of articulation; • voicing.
Manner of Articulation* • Stops occur when the air stream stops completely before leaving the vocal tract, e.g., the /p/ in pour and slap; • Fricatives occur when the air stream is audibly disturbed but not stopped completely, e.g., /v/ in very and shove, the /ð/ in thy and bathe, the /s/ in soup and miss; • Affricates start out as a stop but end up as a fricative, e.g., the /tʃ/ in lunch, the /dʒ/in germ; • Nasals occur when velum is lowered allowing the air stream to pass through the nasal cavity instead of the mouth, e.g., the /m/ in mind and sum, the /n/ in now and sign, and the /ŋ/ in sing; • Liquids occur when the air stream flows continuously through the mouth with less obstruction than that of a fricative, e.g., the “lateral” liquid, /l/ in low and syllable; the “central” liquid is the /r/ in rough and chore. • Glides occur when the air stream is unobstructed, producing an articulation that is vowel-like, but moves quickly to another articulation making it a consonant, e.g., the /w/ in witch and away. • Adapted from Payne, T. (2007). English phonetics and phonology: English consonants. Paper presented at TESOL, Hanyang University.
Voice* • States of the glottis: voiceless and voiced • Determined by the action of the vocal folds in the larynx. • If the vocal folds are held apart, the glottis is in a voiceless state • If the vocal folds are held together, and allowed to vibrate, the glottis is in a voiced state. • Do you feel vibration in your vocal cords? Place your fingers at the base of your throat • pronounce the sound [m], as in mat, and hold the sound; Now make the sound [p], as in pat. • Now say the sounds [p] and [b], as in bat, with your fingers at the base of the throat. Both sounds are made in basically the same way, but one is voiceless and one is voiced. *Adapted from http://www.ic.arizona.edu/~lsp/Phonetics/ConsonantsI/Phonetics2a.html
Schwa • The schwa /ə/ is the vowel sound in unaccented syllables in words of more than one syllable. • A schwa sound can be represented by any vowel. For example: • The a is schwa in adept. • The e is schwa in synthesis. • The i is schwa in decimal. • The o is schwa in harmony. • The u is schwa in medium. • The y is schwa in syringe.
Onset-rime* • An onset is the part of the syllable that precedes the vowel of the syllable. • A rime is the part of a syllable which consists of its vowel and any consonant sounds that come after it. Cat C-at *Adapted from http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAnOnset.htm
Onset-rime Courtesy of http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAnOnset.htm
Rime or Rhyme? • Which pair is a rime pair? Which pair is a rhyme pair? • Hear- here • Ear- bear
