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Course Overview

Knowledge. Acquisition (perception). Use. ch. 3: Vision . How are objects recognized?. Ch. 6-11: Long-term Memory - to know is to remember. ch.4: Attention . ch. 5: Working Memory - Buffer for mental representations. Course Overview. Ch. 12-14: Reasoning - Problem Solving.

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Course Overview

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  1. Knowledge Acquisition (perception) Use ch. 3: Vision. How are objects recognized? Ch. 6-11: Long-term Memory - to know is to remember ch.4: Attention. ch. 5: Working Memory - Buffer for mental representations Course Overview Ch. 12-14: Reasoning - Problem Solving

  2. Memory

  3. Memory Processes Rehearsal Encoding Attention Retrieval Short-Term Memory (STM) Long-Term Memory (LTM) Sensory Memory

  4. Sensory Memory (aka iconic memory) • Modality specific (iconic, echoic) • Very rapid decay (300 ms after a stimulus is removed) • Partial vs. Whole Report(Sperling 1960) • An array of letters is presented very briefly. • Report all letters present. • READY? (CogLab experiment)

  5. A Z E D M P H X C G J N D F Y S U I L H B R B S N C Q B H A

  6. 2 4 6 8 10 12 # of letters correctly reported whole report 2 4 6 8 10 12 # of letters in the stimulus Diagonal: Perfect performance Participants can report ~4 letters.

  7. Partial Report(Sperling 1960) • An array of letters is presented very briefly. • An tone indicates which row of letters to report (‘top’) • The tone occurs after the letters have disappeared • READY?

  8. A Z E D M P H X C G J N

  9. partial report 2 4 6 8 10 12 # of letters correctly reported (# of letters “available” for report) advantage whole report 2 4 6 8 10 12 # of letters in the stimulus Participants see more than 4 letters,

  10. Data -- partial report advantage How to account for the data? Propose an internal construct: - a very brief memory store -- “sensory memory” - in whole report, information is lost from sensory memory by the time the first letter or two are written down But what exactly is the duration of this memory store? How could we determine?

  11. Sperling (1960) 10 8 # of letters available 6 4 2 .15 .30 .60 1.0 delay of tone cue (seconds)

  12. To what extent is information in sensory memory processed? What is the “code”? - “raw”, visual code? - categorical code? ( vowel or consonant) - identity code? (the exact identity of the letters)

  13. V V V V V T T C T C T M C M C M M C B C B B C B Sensory Memory A X E S F K T O V I U N

  14. partial report, categorical cue Sperling (1960) partial report location cue 2 4 6 8 10 12 # of letters correctly reported (# of letters “available” for report) whole report 2 4 6 8 10 12 # of letters in the stimulus

  15. No partial report advantage for category cues! information in sensory memory is encoded spatially rather than semantically “Where” is sensory memory? - is it just an afterimage on the retina? - is it a more “central” kind of memory? McCloskey & Watkins (1978) - anorthoscopic perception

  16. Memory Processes Rehearsal Attention (tone) Short-Term Memory (STM) Sensory Memory • Very rapid decay • Modality specific

  17. A cognitive system that allows the maintenance of information on line or available for immediate processing. • We should ask: • What are the constituent parts of WM? • Properties of WM: capacity, code, duration • What is WM for? Reading, problem solving, mental arithmetic, reasoning • Is it really different from long-term memory? Short Term Memory (STM) a.k.a. Working Memory (WM)

  18. 1. What are WM constituent parts? WM is modality specific (verbal & visual codes are stored separately) • Visual WM • Verbal WM There are subdivisions even within modality • Visual WM: Spatial ; Object • Verbal WM: Articulatory ; Buffer ‘Something’ has to coordinate all this info • Central Executive

  19. WM is modality specific. Prediction:If verbal and visual WM are independent, verbal and visual STM loads should not interfere with each other ‘remember these numbers’ 3 9 8 2 1 7 4 Load verbal WM ‘remember this shape’ delay Test Spatial WM ‘compare shapes’ ‘recall numbers’ ? Manipulation check

  20. 4 9 3 2 6 8 7 ? Questions: what is our DV?, what is our IV?

  21. High load No load Low load 3 9 8 2 1 7 4 3 9 Test Spatial WM ? ? Manipulation check Verbal WM load Results Visual WM performance remains unchanged at different levels of verbal wm load. No interference.

  22. 2. Properties of WMCapacity: How many things can youhold in WM? • It may be different for Visual and Verbal WM • Verbal WM: digit span task • Visual WM: change detection task (Luck & Vogel 1997)

  23. Color squares (set size 1-12) for 100 ms

  24. 900 ms Blank

  25. Color squares (set size 1-12) for 100 ms

  26. ~ 4 objects Remembered - Again no interference with verbal WM load

  27. Are all objects treated equally in VSTM? No. 2.6 1.6 2.0 2.8 3.7 4.4 Alvarez & Cavanagh (2004)

  28. 2. Properties of WMCode: How is information in WM encoded? • The code will be different for Visual & Verbal WM • Verbal WM: we’ll discuss this later in the lecture • Visual WM: • A. Do we store objects or features? • B. Is ‘spatial’ WM different from ‘object’ WM?

  29. 2. Properties of WMCode: Do we store objects or features? Each object has 2 features (color, orientation) Participants either monitor for a change in a single feature Or they monitor for a change in either feature (conjunction)

  30. Memory for objects (conjunction condition) is as good as memory for a single feature (e.g., color), despite the fact that objects require the storage of twice as many features. This is evidence that visual STM stores ‘objects’ (Luck & Vogel, 1997)

  31. Four features color orientation size gap Monitor for a change in a single feature Or monitor for a change in any feature

  32. 1. What are WM constituent parts? WM is modality specific (verbal & visual codes are stored separately) • Visual WM • Verbal WM There are subdivisions even within modality • Visual WM: Spatial ; Object • Verbal WM: Articulatory ; Buffer ‘Something’ has to coordinate all this info • Central Executive

  33. 2. Properties of WMCode: Is spatial WM different from Object WM? Spatial: is the probe in a same or different location than the circle in the initial display? encode initial display delay Object: is the probe of a same or different color as the one in the initial display? probe Different brain regions active during storage in working memory of spatial and object information

  34. 2. Properties of WMCode: Is spatial WM different from Object WM? Color squares (set size 1-12) for 100 ms

  35. Conjunction visual search (attention)

  36. Color squares (set size 1-12) for 100 ms

  37. Spatial WM: ‘where’ Object WM: ‘what’ VisuoSpatial Attention Same location? Same color? Results: - Spatial WM performance interferes with visual search - Object WM does NOT interfere with visual search

  38. Visual WM - Capacity: 4-5 • It stores ‘objects’ • & spatial locations 1. What are WM constituent parts? WM is modality specific • Visual WM • Verbal WM There are subdivisions even within modality • Visual WM: Spatial ; Object • Verbal WM: Articulatory ; Buffer Verbal WM

  39. Phonologicalshort-term store Sub-vocal rehearsal process Verbal information 1. What are the constituent parts of Verbal Working Memory? & phonological decoding of written language

  40. Phonological Buffer: Evidence • Task: Memory Span (CogLab experiment) • Read a list of items, and repeat them • Phonological Similarity: • Confusions occur if words sound alike mad, cat, man, map, cat • But not for similar meaning: huge, long, tall, big, wide • nor for similar-looking: bough, cough, dough, through • So, the code of verbal WM is ‘acoustic’

  41. Subvocal Rehearsal: Evidence • Articulatory suppression: repeatedly say “the” while hearing the list of items. “the the the the the the” • Decreases performance in just 20 secs (duration) • Reduces phonological similarity effect (convergent evidence for phonological buffer) • Word length effect: • memory span for “sum, wit, harm” better than for “opportunity, individual, university” because it takes shorter to articulate • Neurological overlap with language areas

  42. Neural overlap between verbal WM and language Speech production areas and language receptive areas are active when people try to remember phonological information

  43. 2. Properties of verbal WM • Code: Phonological • Capacity: How many things can youhold in verbal WM? 7 + 2 items • But what counts as an item? • A word? A letter? A sentence? A phoneme? • An association (a pointer) to a representation in long-term memory (i.e, chunking)

  44. Ready for a test B F K E J F I K A R A F D

  45. Another trial F B I J F K C I A F D R

  46. F B I C I A F D R J F K chunking allows storage of greater amounts of information…because information is “packaged” more efficiently

  47. Rehearsal Short-Term Working Memory: A multi-part system Central Executive (coordination) • All the WM tasks discussed so far are pretty ‘dumb’. • Humans are capable of doing much more with their WM. • Something has to coordinate all the parts of WM. Visual WM Verbal WM - Capacity: 4-5 - Capacity: 7 + 2 • It stores ‘objects’ • & spatial locations - It stores ‘sounds’ -- acoustic code - It has buffer and rehearsal

  48. 3. What is Working Memory for? • Keeping information available: mentally reciting a telephone before writing it down. Pretty dumb task • Reading, • problem solving: mentally rotating the image in the instructions when building IKEA furniture • mental arithmetic: Calculate how much to tip the waiter? • Reasoning

  49. The Central Executive • Supervise attention • Planning/Coordination • Monitoring

  50. Frontal lobe syndrome • Distractibility, difficulty concentrating • Problems with organization, planning • Perseveration: fail to stop inappropriate behavior

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