Unit 4 Inventions and Innovations.

1. Unit 4Inventions and Innovations. ETP 2006 – Jeff Pegg This material is based upon work supported the National Science foundation under Grant No. 0402616. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the view of the National Science Foundation (NFS).

2. Systems • Systems model: Input, Process, Output, and Feed Back. • Open and Closed loop systems. • Systems can be connected to other systems. • Different systems require different Technologies. • System Malfunctions. • System Maintenance.

3. Input, Process and Output • Input – putting the information in. Putting gas in the gas tank of a mower. • Process – how they are used. Starting the motor of the mower. • Output – what is happening. The blade turns and grass will be clipped. Outdoorcleaning.com www.oldlawnmowerclub.co.uk www.reeliesellsrealestate.com

4. Open and Closed Loop Systems. Open Loop system is when you have a stereo and the music is not loud enough and you have to get up and walk over the stereo and turn the dial. Picsearch.com Closed loop system is like a motion detecting light. When it is dark and some one walks up to the door and the light will turn on for a set amount of time. But the light does not turn on in the day time or when nobody is walking towards the light. Tooldigger.com

5. Systems can be connected to other systems. • System can be used to drive another system. An example is a CNC Milling center, a computer designs the program and the milling machine makes the item. www.wilseytool.com

6. How would the systems be different in these two (2) transportation systems? Car Horse Different systems require different Technologies. adelgigs.com newburyport.k12.ma.us

7. System Malfunction. • What happens when a system doesn’t operate like it is suppose to do? databanx.co.uk

8. System Maintenance. • To keep the system running properly, one must perform regularly scheduled maintenance on the system. hispaniconline.com

9. Who are Engineers? Engineers are men and women who work in many different areas of industry. Such as automotive, road building, electronics chemical industries. They are mothers and fathers, bothers and sisters, and aunts and uncles. They are people who want to make thing operate more efficiently. ieee.uncc.edu usmilitary.about.com Sanchez-electric.com

10. What is Engineering? • Engineering is the art of directing the great sources of power in nature for the use and convenience of man.(Ferguson, 1994) Amlasvg.com nnsv.com blogcad.com

11. The engineering method is the use of heuristics to cause the best change in a poorly understood situation within the available resources. (Smith, 2004,p.70) A heuristic is a particular technique of directing one's attention in learning, discovery, or problem-solving. Heuristic is anything that provides a conceivable aid or direction in the solution of a problem. Heuristic is unjustified, incapable of justification, and fallible. It is use to guide, to discover, and to reveal.

12. Steps in Engineering Design 1. Identify the Problem. 2. Define or “refine” the Problem. 3. Gather information. 4. Develop alternate solutions. (First idea may not be the best). 5. Select and refine the best solution. (The design proposal). 6. Express the design solution. (Sketch or Draw idea). 7. Build a model or Prototype. 8. Evaluate, Revise, and Refine the solution. 9 Communicate the solution.

13. Standard 2 Students will develop an understanding of the core concepts of technology. M. Technological systems include input, processes, output, and at times feedback. N. Systems thinking involves consideration how every part relates to others. O. An open-loop system has no feedback path and requires human intervention, while a closed-loop system uses feed back. P. Technological systems can be connected to one and other. Q. Malfunctions of any part of a system may affect the function and quality of the system. R. Requirements are the parameters placed on the development of a product or system. S. Trade-off is a decision process recognizing the need for careful compromises among competing factors. T. Different technologies involve differently sets of processes. U. Maintenance is the process if inspecting and servicing a product or system on a regular basis in order for it to continue functioning properly, to extend its life, or upgrade its capability. Standard 3: Students will develop an understanding of the relationships among technologies and the connections between technology and other fields of study. D. Technological systems often interact with one another. E. A product, system, or environment developed for one setting may be applied to another setting. Standard 5: Students will develop an understanding of the effects of technology on the environment. F. Decisions to develop and use technologies often put environmental and economic concerns in direct competition with one another. G. Humans can devise technologies to conserve water, soil, and energy through such techniques as reusing, reducing and recycling.

14. Standard 9: Students will develop an understanding of engineering design. F. Design involves a set of steps, which can be performed in different sequences and repeated as needed. G. Brainstorming is a group problem-solving design process in which each person in the group presents his or her ideas in an open forum. H. Modeling, testing, evaluating, and modifying are used to transform ideas into practical solutions. Standard 11: Students will develop abilities to apply the design process. H. Apply a design process to solve problems in and beyond the laboratory-classroom.