Paper Review Average Grade: 89.4% (vs. 87.3% on Water) Improvement on Argumentation

Paper Review • Average Grade: 89.4% (vs. 87.3% on Water) • Improvement on Argumentation • Knowing Limitations • Qualifying Language • Absence from Source ≠ Absence from Society • Default ≠ Equality • Topic Sentences

Thesis: In many of these cultures, a priestly group held a dominant role in the hierarchy which they could build on by writing into their creation stories divine inspirations or pressing religious reasons to keep their status around “for the general good.” This relationship between the clergy and the cosmology of a culture enabled the religious class to grow and maintain itself. _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________. In Maya culture, where the PopulVuh derived from, priests not only had religious power because they were literate and performed sacrifices (sometimes of humans), but performed important administrative functions, making them a key part of the upper half of society. In addition, since Maya civilization was really only a collection of city-states, the religion would have been a uniting factor (Leff lecture, 10/18/12). In the PopulVuh, after the gods made the earth, they wanted to make humans, and tried multiple times. However, they failed up to the end, being unable to make beings who could “nourish and sustain” them as well as “praise and venerate” them (Goetz, 81, 83-86, 89). Although they were quite unable to do these things, the early attempts were punished nonetheless; the animals “condemned to be eaten,” the mud people destroyed, and all but a few of the wooden folks destroyed in a flood, holding the ever-present threat of destruction over their heads if they failed to worship properly (Goetz, 81, 83-86, 89). This would obviously imply that the priests deserve the power and wealth they received since they save the civilization from obliteration.

One of the simplest ways in which the cosmologies worked to the advantage of priests was simply by restating the common idea that gods want humans to worship them. In Maya culture, where the PopulVuh derived from, priests not only had religious power because they were literate and performed sacrifices (sometimes of humans), but performed important administrative functions, making them a key part of the upper half of society. In addition, since Maya civilization was really only a collection of city-states, the religion would have been a uniting factor (Leff lecture, 10/18/12). In the PopulVuh, after the gods made the earth, they wanted to make humans, and tried multiple times. However, they failed up to the end, being unable to make beings who could “nourish and sustain” them as well as “praise and venerate” them (Goetz, 81, 83-86, 89). Although they were quite unable to do these things, the early attempts were punished nonetheless; the animals “condemned to be eaten,” the mud people destroyed, and all but a few of the wooden folks destroyed in a flood, holding the ever-present threat of destruction over their heads if they failed to worship properly (Goetz, 81, 83-86, 89). This would obviously imply that the priests deserve the power and wealth they received since they save the civilization from obliteration.

Mts., jungles, steppe, & ocean isolate China  Feels it is unique & superior “Middle Kgd” FC.53 EARLY CHINA AND THE PATTERN OF ITS HISTORY(c.1500-500 B.C.E.)

“External” Geography • Himalayan Mountains • Tibetan Plateau Mts., jungles, steppe, & ocean isolate China  Feels it is unique & superior “Middle Kgd” FC.53 EARLY CHINA AND THE PATTERN OF ITS HISTORY(c.1500-500 B.C.E.)

“External” Geography • Himalayan Mountains • Tibetan Plateau • Gobi Desert Mts., jungles, steppe, & ocean isolate China  Feels it is unique & superior “Middle Kgd” FC.53 EARLY CHINA AND THE PATTERN OF ITS HISTORY(c.1500-500 B.C.E.)

“External” Geography • Himalayan Mountains • Tibetan Plateau • Gobi Desert • Jungles in SE Asia Mts., jungles, steppe, & ocean isolate China  Feels it is unique & superior “Middle Kgd” FC.53 EARLY CHINA AND THE PATTERN OF ITS HISTORY(c.1500-500 B.C.E.)

“External” Geography • Himalayan Mountains • Tibetan Plateau • Gobi Desert • Jungles in SE Asia • Ocean in East Mts., jungles, steppe, & ocean isolate China  Feels it is unique & superior “Middle Kgd” FC.53 EARLY CHINA AND THE PATTERN OF ITS HISTORY(c.1500-500 B.C.E.)

“External” Geography • Himalayan Mountains • Tibetan Plateau • Gobi Desert • Jungles in SE Asia • Ocean in East • Middle Kingdom Mts., jungles, steppe, & ocean isolate China  Feels it is unique & superior “Middle Kgd” FC.53 EARLY CHINA AND THE PATTERN OF ITS HISTORY(c.1500-500 B.C.E.)

“External” Geography • Himalayan Mountains • Tibetan Plateau • Gobi Desert • Jungles in SE Asia • Ocean in East • Middle Kingdom • Nomadic Pressure Mts., jungles, steppe, & ocean isolate China  Feels it is unique & superior “Middle Kgd” FC.53 EARLY CHINA AND THE PATTERN OF ITS HISTORY(c.1500-500 B.C.E.)

“Internal” Geography Mts., jungles, steppe, & ocean isolate China  Feels it is unique & superior “Middle Kgd” Most fertile land is in E. 1/3 of China  Pop. concentrated in E. River valleys FC.53 EARLY CHINA AND THE PATTERN OF ITS HISTORY(c.1500-500 B.C.E.)

“Internal” Geography • Yellow River • Colder, Drier, Flatter • Loess • Silting and Flooding • Wheat, Millet • Dense Settlement, Intense Cultivation Mts., jungles, steppe, & ocean isolate China  Feels it is unique & superior “Middle Kgd” Most fertile land is in E. 1/3 of China  Pop. concentrated in E. River valleys FC.53 EARLY CHINA AND THE PATTERN OF ITS HISTORY(c.1500-500 B.C.E.)

“Internal” Geography • Yellow River • Colder, Drier, Flatter • Loess • Wheat, Millet • Flooding • Dense Settlement, Intense Cultivation • Yangtze River • Wetter, Hotter, Hillier • Rice • Settled Later Mts., jungles, steppe, & ocean isolate China  Feels it is unique & superior “Middle Kgd” Most fertile land is in E. 1/3 of China  Pop. concentrated in E. River valleys FC.53 EARLY CHINA AND THE PATTERN OF ITS HISTORY(c.1500-500 B.C.E.)

Baskets of rice seeds await their initial planting as workers prepare a muddy field in the South during February.

“Internal” Geography • Yellow River • Colder, Drier, Flatter • Loess • Wheat, Millet • Flooding • Dense Settlement, Intense Cultivation • Yangtze River • Wetter, Hotter, Hillier • Rice • Settled Later • Outer China • Arid • Thinly Populated • Home for Nomads Mts., jungles, steppe, & ocean isolate China  Feels it is unique & superior “Middle Kgd” Most fertile land is in E. 1/3 of China  Pop. concentrated in E. River valleys FC.53 EARLY CHINA AND THE PATTERN OF ITS HISTORY(c.1500-500 B.C.E.) Remains of the Great Wall wind their way through Mongolia Sand dunes overlook sheep grazing in the western province of Gansu

“Internal” Geography • Yellow River • Colder, Drier, Flatter • Loess • Wheat, Millet • Flooding • Dense Settlement, Intense Cultivation • Yangtze River • Wetter, Hotter, Hillier • Rice • Settled Later • Outer China • Arid • Thinly Populated • Home for Nomads • The Sea Mts., jungles, steppe, & ocean isolate China  Feels it is unique & superior “Middle Kgd” Most fertile land is in E. 1/3 of China  Pop. concentrated in E. River valleys FC.53 EARLY CHINA AND THE PATTERN OF ITS HISTORY(c.1500-500 B.C.E.)

Mts., jungles, steppe, & ocean isolate China  Feels it is unique & superior “Middle Kgd” Irregular & massive floods Major irrig. & flood control projects Strong central govt. Most fertile land is in E. 1/3 of China  Pop. concentrated in E. River valleys FC.53 EARLY CHINA AND THE PATTERN OF ITS HISTORY(c.1500-500 B.C.E.)

Hydraulic civ. evolves in Huang He River Valley after 2000 B.C.E. Mts., jungles, steppe, & ocean isolate China  Feels it is unique & superior “Middle Kgd” Irregular & massive floods Major irrig. & flood control projects Strong central govt. Most fertile land is in E. 1/3 of China  Pop. concentrated in E. River valleys FC.53 EARLY CHINA AND THE PATTERN OF ITS HISTORY(c.1500-500 B.C.E.) • First Chinese Civilizations • First Sedentary Ag Communities by 5000-4000 BCE • Yangshao (2500-2000) • Longshan(2000-1500)

Hydraulic civ. evolves in Huang He River Valley after 2000 B.C.E. Mts., jungles, steppe, & ocean isolate China  Feels it is unique & superior “Middle Kgd” Irregular & massive floods Major irrig. & flood control projects Strong central govt. Most fertile land is in E. 1/3 of China  Pop. concentrated in E. River valleys FC.53 EARLY CHINA AND THE PATTERN OF ITS HISTORY(c.1500-500 B.C.E.) • First Chinese Civilizations • First Sedentary Ag Communities by 5000-4000 BCE • Yangshao (2500-2000) • Longshan(2000-1500) • More intensive agricultural production • Early Innovations • Walled towns • Silk production • Bronze Production • Early form of writing • Flood Control and development of Governments

Fu Xi was the first of three noble emperors, supposedly ruling from 2952-2836 BCE (116 years) Hydraulic civ. evolves in Huang He River Valley after 2000 B.C.E. Mts., jungles, steppe, & ocean isolate China  Feels it is unique & superior “Middle Kgd” Irregular & massive floods Major irrig. & flood control projects Strong central govt. Most fertile land is in E. 1/3 of China  Pop. concentrated in E. River valleys FC.53 EARLY CHINA AND THE PATTERN OF ITS HISTORY(c.1500-500 B.C.E.) • First Chinese Civilizations • First Sedentary Ag Communities by 5000-4000 BCE • Yangshao (2500-2000) • Longshan(2000-1500) • More intensive agricultural production • Early Innovations • Walled towns • Silk production • Bronze Production • Early form of writing • Flood Control and development of Governments • Legendary Emperors • 3 Sovereigns and 5 Sage Emperors • Brought Cultural Innovations • Yao-Calendar • Fu Xi- The “Ox-Tamer” • Huang Di, the Yellow Emperor • Yu, founder of likely mythical Xia Empire, unites tribal states. Revered for controlling flood. • Dawn of Shang in 1523

Shang Dyn. (c.1500-1028 B.C.E.) Sev. developments in Ch. civ. Combining priestly & polit. roles No separate priest class Ideographic writing Chinese Civ. spreads across E. Asia Hydraulic civ. evolves in Huang He River Valley after 2000 B.C.E. Mts., jungles, steppe, & ocean isolate China  Feels it is unique & superior “Middle Kgd” Irregular & massive floods Major irrig. & flood control projects Strong central govt. Most fertile land is in E. 1/3 of China  Pop. concentrated in E. River valleys Silk textiles, carved jade & highly developed bronze FC.53 EARLY CHINA AND THE PATTERN OF ITS HISTORY(c.1500-500 B.C.E.) • Shang Dynasty • Conquest • Government • Social Structure • Culture

Shang Dynasty • Conquest • 16th Century • Warlike Nomads, Horse/Chariot • Warfare Style • Stronger Kings

Shang Dynasty • Conquest • 16th Century • Warlike Nomads, Horse/Chariot • Warfare Style • Stronger Kings • Government and Feudalism • Bureaucracy at Capital, Anyang • King First Among Equals • Feudal Vassals • Mutual Obligation • Vassals get… • Vassals give… • Originally, Personal Ties • Strong Shang Army • Ritual Status of Kings • NOTE: This chart shows European Feudalism. In China, the general concept is the same, though the titles are different.

Shang Dynasty • Conquest • 16th Century • Warlike Nomads, Horse/Chariot • Warfare Style • Stronger Kings • Government and Feudalism • Bureaucracy at Capital, Anyang • King First Among Equals • Feudal Vassals • Mutual Obligation • Vassals get… • Vassals give… • Originally, Personal Ties • Strong Shang Army • Ritual Status of Kings • Social Structure • Family Structure • Elites: Extended Family, Patriarchal, Hierarchy • Commoners: Nuclear Family, but still Patriarchal • Peasants • Artisans • Economic Summary

Shang Dynasty • Culture • Ritual • Ritual and Reciprocity • You give… • You get…

Shang Dynasty • Culture • Ritual • Ritual and Reciprocity • You give… • You get… • Ancestor Worship • Ancestor spirits as intermediaries • Eldest Male Presides

Shang Dynasty • Culture • Ritual • Ritual and Reciprocity • You give… • You get… • Ancestor Worship • Ancestor spirits as intermediaries • Eldest Male Presides • Ritual and Shang Power • Royal Ancestors as intermediaries • Accessing Shang-Di

Shang Dynasty • Culture • Ritual • Ritual and Reciprocity • You give… • You get… • Ancestor Worship • Ancestor spirits as intermediaries • Eldest Male Presides • Ritual and Shang Power • Royal Ancestors as intermediaries • Accessing Shang-Di • Elaborate Tombs • Sacrifices and Captives

Shang Dynasty • Culture • Ritual • Ritual and Reciprocity • You give… • You get… • Ancestor Worship • Ancestor spirits as intermediaries • Eldest Male Presides • Ritual and Shang Power • Royal Ancestors as intermediaries • Accessing Shang-Di • Elaborate Tombs • Sacrifices and Captives • Oracles • Why go to Oracle? • Who goes to Oracle? • Related to Development of Writing

Shang Dynasty • Culture • Writing • Development/Standardization • RebusIdeographic • Simple Pictographs • Combine Symbols • Stylized

Shang Dynasty • Culture • Writing • Development/Standardization • RebusIdeographic • Simple Pictographs • Combine Symbols • Stylized • 3000 characters in Shang8000 today • Paper in Han • Chinese Identity/Governance • Various Spoken Languages • Enables gov’t bureaucracy • Common Identity (esp among elites) • LiteracySocial Mobility

Shang Dyn. (c.1500-1028 B.C.E.) Sev. developments in Ch. civ. Mandate of Heaven justifies good dyn’s & rev. vs. bad dyn’s Hydraulic civ. evolves in Huang He River Valley after 2000 B.C.E. Mts., jungles, steppe, & ocean isolate China  Feels it is unique & superior “Middle Kgd” Irregular & massive floods Major irrig. & flood control projects Strong central govt. Most fertile land is in E. 1/3 of China  Pop. concentrated in E. River valleys Mandate of Heaven justifies good dyn’s & rev. vs. bad dyn’s Combining priestly & polit. roles No separate priest class Phonetic rebus (not ideogr.) script Still over 47,000 characters Silk textiles, carved jade & highly developed bronze FC.53 EARLY CHINA AND THE PATTERN OF ITS HISTORY(c.1500-500 B.C.E.) • Mandate of Heaven • Zhou conquer Shang, justify with Mandate of Heaven

Shang Dyn. (c.1500-1028 B.C.E.) Sev. developments in Ch. civ. Mandate of Heaven justifies good dyn’s & rev. vs. bad dyn’s Hydraulic civ. evolves in Huang He River Valley after 2000 B.C.E. Mts., jungles, steppe, & ocean isolate China  Feels it is unique & superior “Middle Kgd” Irregular & massive floods Major irrig. & flood control projects Strong central govt. Most fertile land is in E. 1/3 of China  Pop. concentrated in E. River valleys Mandate of Heaven justifies good dyn’s & rev. vs. bad dyn’s Combining priestly & polit. roles No separate priest class Phonetic rebus (not ideogr.) script Still over 47,000 characters Silk textiles, carved jade & highly developed bronze FC.53 EARLY CHINA AND THE PATTERN OF ITS HISTORY(c.1500-500 B.C.E.) • Mandate of Heaven • Zhou conquer Shang, justify with Mandate of Heaven • Content of Mandate • Shang connection with Shangdi • Right to rule a gift from heaven (tien) • Conditional mandate, could be lost

Shang Dyn. (c.1500-1028 B.C.E.) Sev. developments in Ch. civ. Mandate of Heaven justifies good dyn’s & rev. vs. bad dyn’s Hydraulic civ. evolves in Huang He River Valley after 2000 B.C.E. Mts., jungles, steppe, & ocean isolate China  Feels it is unique & superior “Middle Kgd” Irregular & massive floods Major irrig. & flood control projects Strong central govt. Most fertile land is in E. 1/3 of China  Pop. concentrated in E. River valleys Mandate of Heaven justifies good dyn’s & rev. vs. bad dyn’s Combining priestly & polit. roles No separate priest class Phonetic rebus (not ideogr.) script Still over 47,000 characters Silk textiles, carved jade & highly developed bronze FC.53 EARLY CHINA AND THE PATTERN OF ITS HISTORY(c.1500-500 B.C.E.) • Mandate of Heaven • Zhou conquer Shang, justify with Mandate of Heaven • Content of Mandate • Shang connection with Shangdi • Right to rule a gift from heaven (tien) • Conditional mandate, could be lost • Significance of Mandate • Appeal to Supernatural power • Justifies Authoritarian Monarchy • Justifies Revolution

Shang Dyn. (c.1500-1028 B.C.E.) Sev. developments in Ch. civ. Mandate of Heaven justifies good dyn’s & rev. vs. bad dyn’s Hydraulic civ. evolves in Huang He River Valley after 2000 B.C.E. Mts., jungles, steppe, & ocean isolate China  Feels it is unique & superior “Middle Kgd” Irregular & massive floods Major irrig. & flood control projects Strong central govt. Most fertile land is in E. 1/3 of China  Pop. concentrated in E. River valleys Mandate of Heaven justifies good dyn’s & rev. vs. bad dyn’s RECURRING CYCLE OF CHINESE HISTORY RECURRING CYCLE OF CHINESE HISTORY Combining priestly & polit. roles No separate priest class Phonetic rebus (not ideogr.) script Still over 47,000 characters Silk textiles, carved jade & highly developed bronze FC.53 EARLY CHINA AND THE PATTERN OF ITS HISTORY(c.1500-500 B.C.E.)

Mandate of Heaven justifies good dyn’s & rev. vs. bad dyn’s Energetic new dynasty, often semi-civilized nomads, takes over & revives China Shang Dyn. (c.1500-1028 B.C.E.) Sev. developments in Ch. civ. Mandate of Heaven justifies good dyn’s & rev. vs. bad dyn’s Hydraulic civ. evolves in Huang He River Valley after 2000 B.C.E. Mts., jungles, steppe, & ocean isolate China  Feels it is unique & superior “Middle Kgd” Irregular & massive floods Major irrig. & flood control projects Strong central govt. Most fertile land is in E. 1/3 of China  Pop. concentrated in E. River valleys Restore army & the Great Wall RECURRING CYCLE OF CHINESE HISTORY RECURRING CYCLE OF CHINESE HISTORY Combining priestly & polit. roles No separate priest class Phonetic rebus (not ideogr.) script Still over 47,000 characters Silk textiles, carved jade & highly developed bronze Lower taxes, redistribute land to peasants & restore irrigation & flood control Restore govt. & civil service exam system FC.53 EARLY CHINA AND THE PATTERN OF ITS HISTORY(c.1500-500 B.C.E.)

Irregular & massive floods Major irrig. & flood control projects Strong central govt. Prosperous soc. until neglectful emp’s take over Corruption, High taxes & loss of peasant lands Army is neglected & Great Wall not maintained Energetic new dynasty, often semi-civilized nomads, takes over & revives China Shang Dyn. (c.1500-1028 B.C.E.) Sev. developments in Ch. civ. Mandate of Heaven justifies good dyn’s & rev. vs. bad dyn’s Hydraulic civ. evolves in Huang He River Valley after 2000 B.C.E. Mts., jungles, steppe, & ocean isolate China  Feels it is unique & superior “Middle Kgd” Restore army & the Great Wall Most fertile land is in E. 1/3 of China  Pop. concentrated in E. River valleys Mandate of Heaven justifies good dyn’s & rev. vs. bad dyn’s RECURRING CYCLE OF CHINESE HISTORY RECURRING CYCLE OF CHINESE HISTORY Combining priestly & polit. roles No separate priest class Phonetic rebus (not ideogr.) script Still over 47,000 characters Silk textiles, carved jade & highly developed bronze Lower taxes, redistribute land to peasants & restore irrigation & flood control Restore govt. & civil service exam system FC.53 EARLY CHINA AND THE PATTERN OF ITS HISTORY(c.1500-500 B.C.E.)

Mandate of Heaven justifies good dyn’s & rev. vs. bad dyn’s Prosperous soc. until neglectful emp’s take over Corruption, High taxes & loss of peasant lands Army is neglected & Great Wall not maintained Mandate of Heaven justifies good dyn’s & rev. vs. bad dyn’s Hydraulic civ. evolves in Huang He River Valley after 2000 B.C.E. Mts., jungles, steppe, & ocean isolate China  Feels it is unique & superior “Middle Kgd” Irregular & massive floods Major irrig. & flood control projects Strong central govt. Most fertile land is in E. 1/3 of China  Pop. concentrated in E. River valleys Restore army & the Great Wall RECURRING CYCLE OF CHINESE HISTORY RECURRING CYCLE OF CHINESE HISTORY Energetic new dynasty, often semi-civilized nomads, takes over & revives China Shang Dyn. (c.1500-1028 B.C.E.) Sev. developments in Ch. civ. Combining priestly & polit. roles No separate priest class Phonetic rebus (not ideogr.) script Still over 47,000 characters Silk textiles, carved jade & highly developed bronze Lower taxes, redistribute land to peasants & restore irrigation & flood control Restore govt. & civil service exam system FC.53 EARLY CHINA AND THE PATTERN OF ITS HISTORY(c.1500-500 B.C.E.)

Most fertile land is in E. 1/3 of China  Pop. concentrated in E. River valleys Prosperous soc. until neglectful emp’s take over Corruption, High taxes & loss of peasant lands Army is neglected & Great Wall not maintained Peasant revolts Raids & invasions Mandate of Heaven justifies good dyn’s & rev. vs. bad dyn’s Hydraulic civ. evolves in Huang He River Valley after 2000 B.C.E. Mts., jungles, steppe, & ocean isolate China  Feels it is unique & superior “Middle Kgd” Irregular & massive floods Major irrig. & flood control projects Strong central govt. Restore army & the Great Wall Mandate of Heaven justifies good dyn’s & rev. vs. bad dyn’s RECURRING CYCLE OF CHINESE HISTORY RECURRING CYCLE OF CHINESE HISTORY Energetic new dynasty, often semi-civilized nomads, takes over & revives China Shang Dyn. (c.1500-1028 B.C.E.) Sev. developments in Ch. civ. Combining priestly & polit. roles No separate priest class Phonetic rebus (not ideogr.) script Still over 47,000 characters Silk textiles, carved jade & highly developed bronze Lower taxes, redistribute land to peasants & restore irrigation & flood control Restore govt. & civil service exam system FC.53 EARLY CHINA AND THE PATTERN OF ITS HISTORY(c.1500-500 B.C.E.)

Most fertile land is in E. 1/3 of China  Pop. concentrated in E. River valleys Prosperous soc. until neglectful emp’s take over Corruption, High taxes & loss of peasant lands Army is neglected & Great Wall not maintained Peasant revolts Raids & invasions Central government steadily weakens Mandate of Heaven justifies good dyn’s & rev. vs. bad dyn’s Hydraulic civ. evolves in Huang He River Valley after 2000 B.C.E. Mts., jungles, steppe, & ocean isolate China  Feels it is unique & superior “Middle Kgd” Irregular & massive floods Major irrig. & flood control projects Strong central govt. Restore army & the Great Wall Mandate of Heaven justifies good dyn’s & rev. vs. bad dyn’s RECURRING CYCLE OF CHINESE HISTORY RECURRING CYCLE OF CHINESE HISTORY Energetic new dynasty, often semi-civilized nomads, takes over & revives China Shang Dyn. (c.1500-1028 B.C.E.) Sev. developments in Ch. civ. Combining priestly & polit. roles No separate priest class Phonetic rebus (not ideogr.) script Still over 47,000 characters Silk textiles, carved jade & highly developed bronze Lower taxes, redistribute land to peasants & restore irrigation & flood control Restore govt. & civil service exam system FC.53 EARLY CHINA AND THE PATTERN OF ITS HISTORY(c.1500-500 B.C.E.)

Mts., jungles, steppe, & ocean isolate China  Feels it is unique & superior “Middle Kgd” Phonetic rebus (not ideogr.) script Still over 47,000 characters Combining priestly & polit. roles No separate priest class Prosperous soc. until neglectful emp’s take over Corruption, High taxes & loss of peasant lands Army is neglected & Great Wall not maintained Energetic new dynasty, often semi-civilized nomads, takes over & revives China Lower taxes, redistribute land to peasants & restore irrigation & flood control Restore govt. & civil service exam system Restore army & the Great Wall Peasant revolts Raids & invasions Central government steadily weakens Mandate of Heaven justifies good dyn’s & rev. vs. bad dyn’s Hydraulic civ. evolves in Huang He River Valley after 2000 B.C.E. Silk textiles, carved jade & highly developed bronze Irregular & massive floods Major irrig. & flood control projects Strong central govt. Most fertile land is in E. 1/3 of China  Pop. concentrated in E. River valleys Mandate of Heaven justifies good dyn’s & rev. vs. bad dyn’s RECURRING CYCLE OF CHINESE HISTORY RECURRING CYCLE OF CHINESE HISTORY Energetic new dynasty, often semi-civilized nomads, takes over & revives China Lower taxes, redistribute land to peasants & restore irrigation & flood control Restore govt. & civil service exam system Restore army & the Great Wall Shang Dyn. (c.1500-1028 B.C.E.) Sev. developments in Ch. civ. FC.53 EARLY CHINA AND THE PATTERN OF ITS HISTORY(c.1500-500 B.C.E.) China has a long history of revolutions, largely justified by the Mandate of Heaven which decrees an old dynasty’s reign should end in times of corruption and natural disasters. Unlike the West, where revolutions typically originate with the middle class, Chinese revolutions often arise from peasant unrest.*

Irregular & massive floods Major irrig. & flood control projects Strong central govt. Mts., jungles, steppe, & ocean isolate China  Feels it is unique & superior “Middle Kgd” Prosperous soc. until neglectful emp’s take over Corruption, High taxes & loss of peasant lands Army is neglected & Great Wall not maintained Energetic new dynasty, often semi-civilized nomads, takes over & revives China Peasant revolts Raids & invasions Central government steadily weakens Mandate of Heaven justifies good dyn’s & rev. vs. bad dyn’s Hydraulic civ. evolves in Huang He River Valley after 2000 B.C.E. Restore army & the Great Wall Most fertile land is in E. 1/3 of China  Pop. concentrated in E. River valleys Mandate of Heaven justifies good dyn’s & rev. vs. bad dyn’s RECURRING CYCLE OF CHINESE HISTORY RECURRING CYCLE OF CHINESE HISTORY Energetic new dynasty, often semi-civilized nomads, takes over & revives China Shang Dyn. (c.1500-1028 B.C.E.) Sev. developments in Ch. civ. Combining priestly & polit. roles No separate priest class Phonetic rebus (not ideogr.) script Still over 47,000 characters Silk textiles, carved jade & highly developed bronze Lower taxes, redistribute land to peasants & restore irrigation & flood control Restore govt. & civil service exam system FC.53 EARLY CHINA AND THE PATTERN OF ITS HISTORY(c.1500-500 B.C.E.) N. Nomads est. Zhou dyn. (1028 B.C.E.) Follow cycle of Ch. history“Age of Warring States” (481-221 B.C.E.) (FC.54)

Zhou Dynasty • Overview • Founded ~1150

Zhou Dynasty • Overview • Founded ~1150 • Capitals at Xi’an and Luoyang

Paper Review Average Grade: 89.4% (vs. 87.3% on Water) Improvement on Argumentation