Genetic Cloning

1. The (D.O.C.) Doctors of Cloning presents…… Genetic Cloning Dr. Funmilayo Bamiro Dr. Karlene Chung Dr. Anthony Williams Dr. Ronald Strong II

2. Presentation Outline • Clone Zone • Role of Natural Selection • History • Defining Genetic Cloning and its Types • Interactive Learning • Pros/Cons • Advancements

3. The Clone Zone • During the 1990’s, cloning stole the limelight. Dinosaurs came back to life in the Jurassic Park movies, Dolly the sheep burst onto the scene and the possibility of humans being cloned soon arose. Less obvious in the midst of all the buzz was the fact that cloning is nothing new; its rich scientific history spans the past 100 years. Let’s journey through time to visit the origins of cloning research

4. Natural Selection • A female carrier of the recessive mutation has a 50% chance of passing the trait to a male offspring who will be affected by the mutation.

5. Its all about the DNA!!!! Natural Selection • Nature’s form of genetic engineering • Performed by random assortment • Rate of evolution = slow

6. The History of Cloning • As far back as 400 million years BC. • Han Spermann and the egg experiment of 1938 • The 1980’s were a huge progress in the history of cloning…..we have mice and embryo cells. • The 1990’s…………here comes Dolly the sheep • Human Genome Project

7. What is genetic cloning???????

8. Genetic Cloning • Asexual form of reproduction • Method of using specialized DNA technology to produce multiple, exact copies of a single gene or other segment of DNA to obtain enough material for further study (Human Genome Project) • Exploitation of the natural process of cell division to make many copies of an entire cell (production of cell lines) • Production of complete, genetically identical humans and animals (Scottish sheep, Dolly) • Its important to educate ourselves because a basic understanding of cloning is key in taking an informed stance on current public policy issues and decisions.

9. Different types of cloning • Recombinant DNA technology or DNA cloning • Reproductive cloning (popular form) • Therapeutic cloning

10. Recombinant DNA Cloning • A technology that has become a common practice in molecular biology and molecular cloning. • Involves the transfer of a DNA fragment of interest from one organism to a self-replicating genetic element. (bacterial plasmid) Since the 1970's!

11. Plasmids • Used to generate multiple copies of the same gene by scientists studying a specific gene. • Are self-replicating extra-chromosomal circular DNA molecules, that are distinct from the normal bacterial genome. • Very common cloning vector used by The Human Genome Project

12. Cloning a gene • DNA fragments containing the gene of interest are isolated from the chromosomal DNA using restriction enzymes and are united with a plasmid that have been cut with the same restriction enzymes. • When the fragment is joined with its cloning vector in the lab it is called a recombinant DNA molecule. • After introducing suitable host cells, the recombinant DNA can be reproduced along with the host cell DNA.

13. Reproductive Cloning“Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer” • Generates an animal with an identical DNA as a previously existing one. • Most common talked about form of cloning from the mainstream media • Dolly the sheep (SCNT)

14. Dolly….the sheep(1997 - 2003) • Dolly’s success in 1997 was a remarkable achievement by Scottish scientists at the Roslin Institute because it proved that the genetic material from a specialized adult cell (liver, heart, and bone cells) can be re-programmed to generate an entire new organism. • However Dolly is NOT truly an identical clone of the donor animal, only her chromosomal DNA.

15. Riveting News……The Mitochondria!!!! • Mitochondria – organelles that serve as the powerhouse of a cell. • Mitochondria contain their own short segments of DNA • Some of the clone’s genetic material come from the mitochondria in the cytoplasm of the enucleated egg. • Acquired mutations are believed to play an important role in the aging process.

16. Therapeutic Cloning“Embryo Cloning” TISSUE CELLS • Production of human embryos for research use • Goal = to harvest stem cells to combat disease • Potential cloning use in organ transplantation • November of 2001 the 1st human embryo clone

17. Human Clone • Scientists from Advanced Cell Technologies (ACT) announced that they had cloned the first human embryos for the purpose of advancing therapeutic research. • By collecting and removing genetic material from eggs of a woman’s ovaries, they inserted a skin cell to serve as a new nucleus. Ionomycin was added to the egg to stimulate cell division. • Limited results – 1out of 8 eggs divided

18. Genetic Engineering • The tool used during the process of cloning • Defined as the process of manually constructing and organizing certain genes from a individual’s DNA. • Human G.E. – the changing of the genes in a living human cell. (Somatic vs. Germline)

19. SOMATIC G.E. Genetic engineering that targets the gene in a specific organ and tissue Does not affect every cell in the body Some gene transfer experiments are currently undergoing clinical trials Mixed results, but may someday be effective GERMLINE G.E. Genetic engineering that targets the genes in eggs, sperm and very early embryos The alteration affect every cell in the body and are passed on to all future generations. Banned in many countries except the United States Human Genetic Engineering(SOMATIC VS. GERMLINE)

20. What do you think??? (ACTIVE LEARNING)

21. Some of the objections • Shouldn’t play with God • Unethical experimentation • Change in human relationships and the nature of society • The high failure rate; 1-30 clones are made out of 1000 tries

22. ~ Success rate in genetic cloning is only 0.1 through 3% ~

23. No better way to understand the human genome Ability to produce “super humans” Medicinal methods will become part of new era Further understanding of our past (evolution) Organ transplantation will be easier and more cost effective Humans are not specimens, they should have free will Ability to produce “super humans” Humans become property…..Inhumane No need to reproduce, and inbreeding may even occur Same genotype = Human wipeout Pros/Cons

24. Interactive Presentation(ACTIVE LEARNING EXERCISE) • http://gslc.genetics.utah.edu/units/cloning/clickandclone/ A One Time Exclusive

25. Advancements in cloning • Medical Researchers over the years have discovered different ways to perform cloning • Stem Cell Research – to study the human development and to treat disease. • Human Genome Project – potential application will push biology as the foremost science of the 21st century.

26. Stem Cell Research • Vital to biomedical research because stem cells are used to generate virtually any type of specialized cell in the human body • Extracted from the egg after it has been divided for days (blastocyst) • Cultured in Petri dishes and potentially used to generate “therapeutic tissues” or “spare organs” • Strong opposition because many oppose the destruction or manipulation of human embryos

27. Human Genome Project • International 13 year effort (Oct 1990 – 2003) to discover all of the estimated human genes and make them accessible for further study (20,000 – 25,000 in count) • To determine the complete sequence of the 3 billion DNA subunits (bases). • Parallel studies were performed on Bacterium E. coli and mice to help develop technology • Sponsored by the DOE, HGP, NIH & NHGRI • Current and potential applications

28. Current & Potential Applications • Molecular medicine • Energy sources and environmental applications • Risk assessment • Bioarchaeology, anthropology, evolution and human migration • DNA forensics (identification) • Agriculture, livestock breeding, and bioprocessing

29. Test your Knowledge(ACTIVE LEARNING EXERCISE) • When was Dolly the sheep first cloned and when did she die? • Why is it important to be informed about genetic cloning? • What type of cloning is being practiced when someone has the same nuclear DNA as another person who is previously existing?

30. Resources • Center for Genetics and Society Website: www.genetics-and-society.org • Human cloning www. Bioethics.net www.humanclothing.org/allthe.php www.reproductivecloning.net/ www.clonerights.com • Stem Cell Research www.stemcellresearch.org

31. More Resources…… • www.globalchange.com/noclones.htm • www.actionbioscience.org/biotech/mcgee.html • www.biofact.com/cloning/human.html • Fundamentals of General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry 4th Edition Textbook • Nardo, Don, CloningHardcover, Published in November 2002 by: Gale Group • Jefferis, David, Cloning: Frontiers of Genetic Engineering Published in February 1999 by Crabtree Publishing Company

32. Till the next time…Happy Cloning!! The D.O.C. The D.O.C. Dr. Anthony Williams Dr. Ronald Strong II (above) Dr. Karlene Chung & Dr. Funmilayo Bamiro (below)