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教學媒體與教育應用 發展歷史回顧

教學媒體與教育應用 發展歷史回顧. Feb, 2004. The Field of Instructional Design and Technology. Analysis of learning and performance problem, Design, Development, Implementation, Evaluation, and Management of instructional or non-instructional resources In educational institutes or workplaces.

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教學媒體與教育應用 發展歷史回顧

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  1. 教學媒體與教育應用發展歷史回顧 Feb, 2004

  2. The Field of InstructionalDesign and Technology • Analysis of learning and performance problem, • Design, • Development, • Implementation, • Evaluation, and • Management of instructional or non-instructional resources • In educational institutes or workplaces

  3. 歷史最悠久的「教學媒體」 • Teacher • Chalkboard • Textbook • 以上通常不被歸類為教學媒體 • Instructional (educational) media often refer to other physical means

  4. Media Historical Timeline • 1840 Photography • 1920 Radio Broadcast • 1936 Black-White TV • 1936 Color Film • 1953 Color TV • 1958 VCR • 1989 Macintosh II with digital sound • 1989 PC with Sound Blaster • … Internet 1,500MB/sec … • …

  5. From Early 1900s • School museums • Visual and Audiovisual instructions • Media use during World War II • Instructional television • Computer • Internet

  6. School Museum • First in St. Louis, 1905 • Exhibits, Stereographs (3-D photos) • Slides, films, etc. • Not intended to supplant teacher or textbook • Supplementary curriculum materials

  7. Visuals and Audiovisuals • Motion picture projectors • First instructional film in 1910 • With advance in radio, sound-recording, sound motion picture, visual became audiovisual (1920s-1930s) • Great commercial interests, but lost $50 million due to Great Depression • Audiovisual continued to evolve • Dale (1946): Cone of experience

  8. During World War II • Audiovisual movement slowed down • But extensively used in military • 1943-1945: 400 training films, 600 film strips produced for Army Air Force • Little time to collect hard data for evaluation, but survey showed effective • Amazed enemy (Germany)

  9. Post World War II • Intensive research undertaken to identify principles of learning to facilitate design • Findings largely ignored • Media comparison studies usually showed students learned equally regardless of means of presentations • Scholars argued studies should focus on media attributes, examination effects, or instructional methods

  10. Instructional Television • Tremendous growth in 1950s • Two factors: • 141 Channels set aside by FCC for public service • $170 million sponsored by Ford Foundation • Interests abated in 1960, perhaps due to mediocre instructional quality • Instructional television was not widely adopted by schools. Why? • Teachers’ resistance • Expense and maintenance • Not adequate for various conditions for learning

  11. Computers: 1950-1995 • Early CAI done in IBM in 1950s • 1960s-1970s PLATO (Programmed Logic for Automatic-Teaching Operations) in Illinois • By 1970, little impact found on education • In 1980s, wide spread interest for instructional use • Less expensive • More functions • By 1983, computers used for instruction in more than 40% elementary, 75% secondary schools • By mid-1990s, still small impact, few innovations

  12. Recent Development • Rapid advance in computer & Internet • A survey of 750 companies (1999): Training via technology from less than 6% in 1996 to more than 22% by 2000 • Between 94-95 and 97-98 academic years, enrollment of distance learning doubled • Recent interest toward performance support

  13. 歷史上的今天:教育科技 • 數位學習國家型科技計畫(eLearning), Taiwan • 2002起, 5年內投入40億台幣 • FY1999, 擴大內需, 64億台幣 • Visions 2020, USA • Visioning exercise facilitated by Department of Commerce • 14 Papers included • Survey of International Investment in ET R&D • Published 2002, Funded by the Spencer Foundation • Around the world: FY1999, US$ 16 billion in educational technology

  14. Questions問題與聯想 • Have schools changed much? Practically due to technology. • What do we gain? With computers and networks. • Are we seeking revolution? Or simply technophile? There must be something.

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