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European Language Policies EU & Council of Europe

European Language Policies EU & Council of Europe. Language Planning Instruments : ECRML & FCNM Donostia, October 26, 2012 Alex RIEMERSMA Mercator European Research Centre on Multilingualism and Language Learning www.mercator-research.eu. European Policies: EU.

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European Language Policies EU & Council of Europe

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  1. European Language Policies EU & Council of Europe Language Planning Instruments: ECRML & FCNM Donostia, October 26, 2012 Alex RIEMERSMA Mercator European Research Centre on Multilingualismand Language Learning www.mercator-research.eu

  2. European Policies: EU • European Union (1957)Seat: Brussels / EU Parliament also Strasbourg • Structure: • Council of (national) Prime Ministers • Councils of national subject Ministers • European Commission (= Executive) • European Parliament (> 700 seats) • Official EU policy: • Mother tongue + 2 otherlanguages • Multilingualism as anasset • Life Long Learning Program > Erasmus forAll = E4A

  3. EU Languages • 27 member states / • 23 official working languages(Letzeburgish treaty language only) • But in practice 3, 2 or 1 working language(s) • and some co-official languages (in the EP)Basque, Catalan, Galician, Welsh. • > 60 Regional and Minority Languages • > 175 Immigrant Languages

  4. EU Language Policies • Mother tongue + 2 other languages • Multilingualism as an asset • Lifelong Learning Program > Erasmus for All

  5. European Policies: EU • European Treaty:“EU respects the religious, cultural and linguistic diversity.” • Definition “Mother tongue” = state language • Principle of “subsidiarity” is in favour of national languages • “All languages are equal” > “mainstreaming” is in fact in favour of English (only) !

  6. EU Parliament Resolutions • 1981 Arfé > EBLUL 1982 – 2006; • 1983 Vandenmeulenbroecke > earmarked budget € 1,2 million (> 2006) • 1987 Kuijpers > Mercator project (1987-2006) 3 partners: Aberysthwyth (media), Barcelona (legislation), Ljouwert / Leeuwarden (education)

  7. Follow up • EBLUL extinct, followed up by Network to Promote Linguistic Diversity (NPLD): 11 regional authorities & 19 NGOs • Mercator Network continued,re-gained EU funding from 2009, new Mercator partners:BudapestStockholm

  8. EU Parliament Resolutions • 2004 Michael EBNER> EU Agency for Linguistic Diversity, but not accepted by EU Commission • 2005: Feasibility Study > Networks • 2012 François ALFONSI> ?

  9. EU Commission Actions • 2007: High Level Group Multilingualism+ on line consultation • 2008: EU Communication • 2008: Amin Maalouf Report A Rewarding Challenge (proposal: “adoptive language”) • 2011: Civil Society Platform on Multilingualism

  10. EU funded projects & networks • Euromosaic • Smile • DYLAN • SUS-DIV • Linee • EUNoM • RML2future • MELT • NPLD

  11. EU Agenda 2020

  12. European Policies: CoE • Council of Europe (1949, Strasbourg)(47 member states; 800 million people) • Parliamentary Assemblee • Congress of Local and Regional Authorities (CLRAE)

  13. CoE relevant institutions • Language Policy Division (Strasbourg): a.o.: Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR) • Centre for Modern Languages (Graz): projects for the access to and quality of language teaching

  14. CoE relevant instruments • Charter for Regional or Minority Languages (to protect & to promote)(ETS 148) • Framework Convention on the Protection of national Minorities (FCNM)(ETS 157)

  15. Charter for language planning • Charter key words:“to protect & to promote” /“to safeguard & to encourage” • Language planning key words:

  16. European Charter on RMLs • Charter of the Council of Europe (1998)25 ratifications (< 47 CoE member states)13 ratifications (< 27 EU member states) • Autochthonous Regional and Minority Languages • No dialects; no immigrant languages • Part II: principles and objectives(non-discrimination; state obligations and education rights)

  17. European Charter on RMLs • Part III: undertakings in domains art. 8: Educationart. 9: Judicial authoritiesart. 10: Administration & public servicesart. 11: Mediaart. 12: Cultural affairsart. 13: Economic & social lifeart. 14: Transfrontier exchanges

  18. Charter characteristics • Inclusive approach (all domains) • Common responsibility of state and language community • Template or menu-system > tailor made approach • Monitoring system • International comparison & cooperation

  19. Charter menu system • Article 8: Education • Pre-school provisions • Primary Education • Secondary Education • Vocational Training • Higher Education • Adult Education

  20. Charter menu system • Article 8: Education • Level i: obligatory • Level ii: partly obligatory • Level iii: optional • Level iv: on request of parents • Always: “where appropriate” = sufficient demand / proportionality

  21. Monitoring system • Consulting body according art. 7.4: “needs and wishes” of the people • Periodical reports by treaty parties • Committee of Experts (each treaty party one member) / on-the-spot visits • Bi-annual report Secr.-General to Assembly of Council of Europe • > Recommendations to treaty parties

  22. Common European Standards • Core goals in languagecommand • Time investment • Teaching OF and teaching IN • Continuity of teaching & learning • Teaching materials • Teacher training andqualification • Valuable tests on languagecommand

  23. Literature References • François GRIN, Language Policy Evaluation and the Charter for Regional + Minority Languages (2003) • The European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages: Legal Challenges and Opportunities (2008)

  24. Framework Convention National Minorities (FCNM) • Individual Human Rights • More general descriptions > interpretations (+ discussions) in the monitoring process • 18 members in the Advisory Committee • State reports • Thematic Reports

  25. FCNM articles re Education • Art. 4: non-discrimination / integration • Art. 6: education for tolerance • Art. 8: religious diversity and tolerance • Art. 9: awareness raising for journalists • Art. 12: intercultural perspectives • Art. 13: private educational provisions • Art. 14: right to learn minority language

  26. FCNM thematic report Education • Protection of minority cultures and languages, effective equality and access to education • Actors at central and local level: school heads, teachers, parents and students • Tools: bi- and plurilingual curricula and qualified teachers, multicultural environments

  27. Project “From Act to Action” Example: Implementing language acts in Finland, Ireland and Wales Brussels, December 8th 2005 Siv Sandberg, Åbo Akademi University Finland

  28. Making language legislation work in Finland, Ireland and Wales • Comparing different systems (national level): legal and institutional framework • Comparing different mechanisms supporting the enactment of language legislation • Comparing individual public authorities

  29. Combining two views The practitioner’s point of view • Providing information on what works • Identifying good practices • Producing tools for diagnoses and performance measurement The academic point of view  Comparing the effects of different institutional arrangements

  30. Three crucial levels of analysis • Relationship between the national authority in charge of language act and the individual public authorities • The individual organization • The interface between the organization and the citizens/customers

  31. The importance of covering all three levels

  32. Factors affecting performance • The national context • The local context (number of minority language speakers, tradition, supply/demand) • The institutional context (type of authority) • “Universal factors” (staff, organization, leadership)

  33. Constructing the ideal system?:Four aspects to be elaborated further

  34. Coherent EU Language Policy • EU Legal base and / or Treaty partner to European Charter for RML, FCNM • Vitality & empowerment of all languages • Co-responsibility in stead of “subsidiarity” • Incentive to inclusiveness of RML / IML • Partnership to permanent networks of stakeholders for regular strategic review

  35. EU Agenda 2020 • Linguistic Diversity as a priority • Co-operation between EU and the Council of Europe & ECML (= European Centre for Modern Languages in Graz) • National EU Agencies to raise awareness and assist endangered language communities to apply

  36. EU Research Agenda 2020 • Eurobarometer on Languagestoinclude:Mother tongue + father tongue • Multilingualeducation: continuity & common standards • Media >>> Social media • PlurilingualLiteracy

  37. Application of CoE instruments • Common European Framework of Reference (CEFR): - can do – statements for L1, L2, Lf - parallel assessments of L1, L2, Lf • European Language Portfolio:- electronic - plurilingual approach

  38. Tankewol • Eskerrik asko • Köszönöm • Grazia • Mercé plan • Dankscheen • Graciis • Kiitos • Diolch • Dz'akuju so • Hvala • Merci • Mange Takk • Trugarez • Multumesc

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