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The Americans Move In

The Americans Move In. The United States and South Vietnam, 1955-1960. Geneva Conference of 1954. 1.) Division of Vietnam at 17 th Parallel 2.) Elections in two years 3.) Movement of peoples North and South 4.) US takes “note” of the agreements, but is not a party to them. SEATO.

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The Americans Move In

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  1. The Americans Move In The United States and South Vietnam, 1955-1960

  2. Geneva Conference of 1954 • 1.) Division of Vietnam at 17th Parallel • 2.) Elections in two years • 3.) Movement of peoples North and South • 4.) US takes “note” of the agreements, but is not a party to them

  3. SEATO

  4. SEATO – Southeast Asian Treaty Organization • 1.) Created at Manilla Conference in September 1954 • 2.) Signatory countries – US, UK, France, Australia, New Zealand, Pakistan, the Philippines and Thailand • 3.) Only consultation in the event • 4.) Vietnam, Cambodia , Laos – protected in protocol, not treaty • 5.) Treaty aimed at China

  5. Ngo Dien Diem: The Third Force?

  6. Ho Chi Minh vs.Ngo Dinh Diem

  7. Diem and the Sects Crisis of April 1955 • 1.) Cao Dai – Religious Movement – Army of 30,000 • 2.) Hoa Hao – Religious Movement – army of 10,000 • 3.) Binh Xuyen – Vietnamese Mafia - strong force in Saigon • 4.) Diem’s Victory – final withdrawal of French

  8. Emergence of South Vietnam • 1.) Diem Defeats Rivals – power base among Catholics from the North • 2.) Refuses to allow elections – deposes Bao Dai • 3.) Cold War and Divided Countries – Germany, Korea, Vietnam, China

  9. Why Does the US Move in? • 1.) Strategic reasons • 2.) Domestic politics - McCarthyism • 3.) Economic reasons – concern about Japan • 4.) Cold War opportunity • 5.) Ideological reasons

  10. Eisenhower in 1956 • http://www.livingroomcandidate.org/

  11. US Assistance to South Vietnam • 1.) 1.2 billion between 1954-1959; 1500 Americans, 5th of recipients of aid • 2.) Creation of a military force – ARVN – Army of the Republic of Vietnam • 3.) Commodity Import Program

  12. Diem’s State • 1.) Family Dictatorship, favoritism to Catholics • 2.) Anti-Communist Campaigns • 3.) Failure of Land Reform • 4.) Political unrest in the South, coup attempts

  13. North Vietnam, 1954-1960 • 1.) Focus on building socialism • 2.) Violent land reform program – thousands killed • 3.) Key Role of Le Duan – southerner urging assistance • 4.) Growing Sino-Soviet split – opportunity for Hanoi • 5.) Spring 1959 – Party authorizes resumption of “struggle in the South” • 6.) December 1960 – Creation of the NLF

  14. Le Duan (1907-1986) • Real leader of North Vietnam after 1958

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