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Anatomy & Physiology The Basic Plan Notes

Learn about the study of internal and external structures, the physical relationships between body parts, and the chemical functions of the human body. Explore different organ systems, levels of organization, and the concept of homeostasis.

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Anatomy & Physiology The Basic Plan Notes

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  1. Anatomy & PhysiologyThe Basic PlanNotes

  2. I. Biological Sciences • Biology – Study of Life 1. Anatomy: study of internal & external structures & physical relationship between body parts. a. Gross b. Surgical c. Developmental d. Systemic

  3. Physiology – Study of the physical & chemical functions. • a. System – major organ system. • b. Pathology – study of diseases. • 3.Cytology – Study of cells • 4.Histology – Study of Tissue

  4. Features of all Living Organisms • 1. Growth and development • 2. Adaptation • 3. Reproduction • 4. Irritability • 5. Metabolism

  5. II. Levels of Organization 1.Chemical 2.Cellular 3.Tissue 4.Organ 5.Organ System 6.Organism

  6. III.Homeostasis & System Integration • Homeostasis – Stabilization of physiological internal conditions. 1. Regulation: Adjustments within the system. a. Receptors: Structures that sense change. b. Control Centers: Determines range of a variable and takes appropriate action to maintain the range. c. Effectors: Effects change or acts upon the stimulus

  7. Homeostasis (Con’t) 2. Negative Feedback Mechanisms: A variation outside the normal limits which triggers a response that decreases the input into the system and reverses the action of the stimulus. • Positive Feedback Mechanisms: The initial stimulus triggers a response that increases the action of the stimulus.

  8. IV. Anatomical Reference System • Anatomical Position: Person standing with arms at sides and palms facing forward 1. Supine 2. Prone

  9. B. Planes of Section 1. Frontal/Coronal 2. Sagittal 3. Transverse

  10. 1.Anterior (Ventral) Towards the front 2.Posterior (Dorsal) Towards the back 3.Superior(Cranial) Towards the top 4.Inferior(Caudal) Towards the bottom 5.Medial Towards the Midline. 6.Lateral Away from midline 7.Proximal(Extremities) Closer to attachment pt. 8.Distal(Extremities) Away from attachment pt. 9.Superficial(Parietal) Towards body Surface. 10.Deep(Visceral) Away from body suface, Internal C. Directional Terminology

  11. D. Body Cavities • Dorsal a. Cranial b. Spinal 2. Ventral a. Thoracic b. Abdominal c. Pelvic (The thoracic and abdominal cavities are separated by the diaphragm.)

  12. Cephalic a. Frontal b. Orbital c. Buccal d. Mental e. Oral f. Parietal g. Occipital h. Otic i. Nasal Head Forehead Eye Cheek Chin Mouth Sides of cranium Back of cranium Ear Nose E. Anatomical Landmarks

  13. 2.Thorax (anterior) a.Pectoral b.Thoracic c.Axillary d.Abdominal e.Umbilical f.Pubic Breast Chest Arm Pit Stomach Navel Genital E. Anatomical Landmarks (con’t)

  14. 3.Thorax (posterior) Cervical b. Acromial c. Dorsal d.Scapular e. Lumbar f. Sacral g. Coxal h. Gluteal Neck Pt. of Shoulder Upper Back Shoulder Blade Lower Back Between Hips Hips Buttock E. Anatomical Landmarks (con’t)

  15. 4. Upper Extremeties Brachial b. Olecranal c. Antecubital d. Antebrachial e. Carpal f. Manus g. Palmar h. Phalangeal/Digital i. Pollex Upper arm Back of elbow Front of elbow Lower arm Wrist Hand Palm Digits Thumb E. Anatomical Landmarks

  16. 5. Lower Extremities Femoral b. Patellar c. Crural d. Popiteal e. Sural f. Tarsal g. Pes/Pedal h. Plantar i. Calcaneal j. Hallux Thigh Knee Cap Ant. Lower Leg Back of Knee Calf Ankle Foot Sole of Foot Heel Big Toe E.Anatomical Landmarks

  17. Integument Skeletal Muscular Nervous Circulatory a.Lymphatic 6. Respiratory 7.Alimentary/Digestive 8. Renal 9. Endocrine 10.Reproductive F. Systemic Approach to Anatomy & Physiology

  18. Introduction • Organs in the body work together in systems • 11 organ systems in the body • Organ systems can be divided into 4 categories based on function

  19. Body Systems Support, Movement, & Protection Integration & Coordination Maintenance of the Body Reproduction & Development

  20. Support, Movement, & Protection • Integumentary System: • Organs: skin and accessory organs (hair & nails) • Function: protects tissue, regulate body temperature & contains sense organs

  21. Skeletal System • Organs: bones, cartilage, & ligaments • Function: protects body parts, produce blood cells, stores calcium & phosphorus salts

  22. Muscular System • Organs: skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles • Function: move voluntarily, respond to stimuli, produce body heat

  23. Integration & Coordination • Nervous System • Organs: brain, spinal cord & nerves • Function: conducts nerve impulses from the sense organs to the brain and then to the muscles and gland

  24. Endocrine System: • Organs: Hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenals, pancreas, ovaries, testes • Function: secretes chemicals that are messengers between body part, maintain proper functioning of reproductive system

  25. Maintenance of Body • Circulatory (Cardiovascular) system: • Organs: Heart, blood vessels, blood • Function: transports nutrients and oxygen to cells through blood, removes wastes

  26. Immune (Lymphatic) System: • Organs: Lymph nodes, thymus, spleen • Function: protects body from disease

  27. Respiratory System: • Organs: Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, lungs • Function: bring oxygen into lungs and take carbon dioxide out of the lungs

  28. Digestive System: • Organs: mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small & large intestine, rectum • Function: receive food and digest into nutrient molecules

  29. Urinary System: • Organs: kidneys and urinary bladder • Function: gets rid of nitrogenous wastes, helps regulate fluid level and chemical content of the blood

  30. Reproduction & Development • Reproductive System: • Organs: Male: testes, epididymis, vas deferens, urethra, penisFemale: ovaries, Fallopian tubes, vagina, uterus • Function: produce sex cells, nourish and protect fetus (female)

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