Diseases in Animal Agriculture: Introduction

1. Diseases in Animal Agriculture: Introduction • Today, raising poultry of all kinds is growing in popularity. You need caring, • perseverance, and a good deal of knowledge to breed and raise birds, but it is a • very rewarding activity that gives endless personal satisfaction and pride. • By the end of this lesson, you will be able to: • Define the causative agents of diseases • Define how a virus infects the host and spreads from farm to farm • Understand the interconnectivity and global nature of animal agriculture • Define the global size and interconnectivity of the animal science market • Discuss one example of how a disease outbreak in animal agriculture impacts the economy • Understand the difference between an animal carrying a disease agent and exhibiting the clinical signs

2. Causative agents of diseases • Disease • Is a deviation from normal health • Is an abnormal condition that is the result of infection, basic weakness or environmental stress that prevents normal functioning • Avian diseases range from reduced production and loss of energy to death. • Infectious diseases are caused by microscopic pathogens, including bacteria, • viruses, protozoa and fungi.

3. In poultry there are four main classes of pathogens: • Viruses • Microscopic viruses cause diseases such as: • Avian Influenza • Exotic Newcastle Disease • Bacteria • Microscopic bacteria cause diseases such as: • Mycoplasmosis • Fowl Cholera • Fungi • Microscopic fungi cause diseases such as: • Aspergillosis • Mycotoxicosis • Parasites • Parasites can cause diseases such as: • Coccidiosis • Histomoniasis (blackhead)

4. How Poultry Disease Spreads

5. How a Virus Operates and Spreads in the Environment 1. Directly • As a result of contact between a sick bird and a healthy bird or by carrier birds to healthy birds • Infected manure • Aerosol transmission - through respiratory droplets 2.Indirectly • Virus-bearing material can be picked up on shoes, clothing, hands and vehicles which is then carried to healthy birds 3.Other Vectors • Wild animals, rodents and insects

6. Disease Recognition Sick birds are inactive and dull and tend to isolate themselves from other healthy birds in the flock.

7. Disease Recognition Sick birds are inactive and dull and tend to isolate themselves from other healthy birds in the flock.

8. Disease Recognition Sick birds are inactive and dull and tend to isolate themselves from other healthy birds in the flock.

9. Disease Recognition Sick birds are inactive and dull and tend to isolate themselves from other healthy birds in the flock.

10. Disease Recognition Sick birds are inactive and dull and tend to isolate themselves from other healthy birds in the flock.

11. Disease Recognition Sick birds are inactive and dull and tend to isolate themselves from other healthy birds in the flock.

12. Disease Recognition Sick birds are inactive and dull and tend to isolate themselves from other healthy birds in the flock.

13. Global Nature of Diseases in Animal Agriculture • Today's global marketplace means greater access than ever before to agricultural commodities from around the world. This requires greater vigilance to ensure that imports and exports comply with international trade standards. With world trade, business travel, and global tourism, it becomes easier to transport unwanted pests and diseases. • For example: • A visitor to a farm in Southeast Asia that has high-pathogenicity AI or END can be on his or someone else's farm in the United States within a day or two, and possibly carrying the virus on himself or on his clothes or shoes • Disease can come in through mislabeled illegally imported poultry products, as it did in one instance with frozen ducks. These ducks could well have been carriers of disease

14. Federal and State Responses to a Disease Outbreak Federal and state agencies have prevention and response procedures for disease outbreak. Prevention The primary responsibility for preventing an outbreak lies with the USDA/APHIS and the states often working in conjunction with other federal agencies, tribal nations and industry. APHIS uses trade restrictions to help keep diseases from entering the country. It updates the Department of Homeland Security on agricultural threats so they can be vigilant in checking for prohibited products. APHIS trains veterinarians across the country as foreign animal disease diagnosticians. A key to early response is quickly investigating a possible foreign animal disease. (That is why, for example, you are asked to report sick or dying chickens.)

15. Response If there is a foreign animal disease outbreak, APHIS would head the emergency response. The response would take place at the local level, and if the scope of the outbreak is beyond APHIS and the affected States' immediate resource capabilities, additional resources can be obtained. APHIS can also turn to its roster of accredited veterinarians and animal health technicians for additional help. The National Animal Identification System (NAIS) is intended to identify animals and track them. This voluntary system will enhance U.S. efforts to respond to outbreaks of animal diseases more quickly and effectively. The goal is to have a system that can identify all premises and animals that have had direct contact with a foreign animal or domestic disease of concern within 48 hours. NAIS website To learn more about the National Animal Identification System (NAIS), click the following link http://animalid.aphis.usda.gov/nais/index.shtml

16. Trade Involving Animals and Animal Products • Through its' National Center for Import/Export (NCIE), the Animal and Plant • Health Inspection Service (APHIS), part of the U.S. Department of Agriculture • (USDA), works to maintain clear rules for trade involving animals, animal • products, and plants that arrive in and leave the U.S. • APHIS works closely with the Department of Homeland Security to prevent international passengers from bringing in foreign pests and diseases. More than 300 APHIS veterinarians are stationed throughout the United States to investigate suspected foreign animal diseases • These efforts, along with emergency preparedness and surveillance activities, also enable the United States to capitalize on world export markets • To make sure that international animal health standards represent the interests and concerns of the United States, APHIS is active in the international standard-setting body, the World Organization For Animal Health or OIE. These international standards shape the future of animal trade world wide

17. The Role of APHIS Regarding the Safety of Animal Exports • APHIS is at the forefront of facilitating the export of live animals and genetic material. This is due to the agency's ability to confidently certify the U.S. animal health status to foreign trading partners. • It ensures that livestock headed to other countries meets the standards required by those nations to maintain the world's confidence in the integrity of the health of U.S. animals and animal products • Physical examinations and blood tests, usually done by USDA-accredited veterinarians, cover both U.S. export requirements and the frequently complex requirements the receiving nation • An APHIS veterinarian endorses export health certificates only after all tests and other requirements have been met • A final examination is conducted by an APHIS veterinarian at the port of export before the livestock or poultry leave the country

18. Working With the World Organization For Animal Health The World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) in Paris, and APHIS play an important role in safeguarding the United States from foreign animal diseases. As a member of OIE, USDA/APHIS ensures that international health standards are fair and scientifically justified.

19. USDA Veterinary Services • USDA/APHIS through its Veterinary Services (VS) program is charged with several critical tasks. • Most important is VS' responsibility for protecting and improving the health, quality, and • marketability of our nation's animals, animal products and veterinary biologics. VS also: • Facilitates international trade • Monitors the health of animals legally coming into the country • Monitors, on a daily basis, reports from OIE on the status of international diseases in • order to protect the United States from importing animals and products from countries • with disease outbreaks • VS is at the forefront of APHIS' effort to safeguard the health of our nation's agricultural • resources. Its many animal health experts work closely with other federal agencies, states, • foreign governments, industry and professional groups, and others to enhance international trade • and cooperation while preventing the introduction of dangerous and costly pests and diseases. • USDA Veterinary Services website : http://www.aphis.usda.gov/vs/

20. OIE • The OIE comprises 167 member countries. It: • Ensures international animal health standards • Ensures transparency in global animal disease situations because member nations agree to report animal diseases they detect, and then the OIE provides this information to all members • Safeguards world trade by publishing health standards for international trade in animals and animal products • When a country has an outbreak of a highly transmissible disease, other countries often stop trade in that region or even with the entire country. This is one reason why the federal and state governments work very hard to keep the U.S. free of foreign animal diseases. • World Organization For Animal Health website : http://www.oie.int/eng/en_index.htm

21. Summary • In this lesson, you've learned about: • The causative agents of diseases • How a virus operates and spreads in the environment • The global nature of diseases in animal agriculture • The global size and interconnectivity of the animal science market • How a disease outbreak in animal agriculture impacted the economy • Understand the difference between an animal carrying a disease agent and • exhibiting the clinical signs

22. Now Try This Recalling the symptoms of diseases, match each symptom listed on the left with the appropriate description on the right. Correct Answer: Are displayed on the next page.

23. Correct Answer: