The Enlightenment

1. The Enlightenment Lesson #2: The Enlightenment in Europe

2. The Enlightenment in Europe • Main Idea: A revolution in intellectual activity changed Europeans’ view of government and society. This was also known as the “Age of Reason.” • Why it matters now: The various freedoms enjoyed in many countries today are a direct result of Enlightenment thinking.

3. The Enlightenment • What? • When? • Where?

4. Philosophes • What is a philosophe? • What are their beliefs? • Reason: • Nature: • Happiness: • Progress: • Liberty:

5. Social Contract Theory • Is the view that persons' moral and/or political obligations are dependent upon a contract or agreement among them to form the society in which they live. • Question: In your own words, what is your interpretation of this definition of “Social Contract Theory.” • Complete this in your “Daily Starter Folder”

6. Learning Goal:Explain the ideas of Hobbes. • TWO VIEWS ON GOVERNMENT • Thomas Hobbes’ Social Contract: • English • Wrote the book “Leviathan” • Idea: strong central power is a necessary evil; HOWEVER, the ruler(s) is/are obliged to serve the will of the people (basis for the social contract theory)

7. Learning Goal:Explain the ideas of Locke. II. John Locke’s Natural Rights: I. English II. Wrote the book “Two Treatises on Government” III. Idea: all men are born with three natural rights of life, liberty, and property; also a social contract theorist

8. Learning Goal:Explain the ideas of Voltaire. B. THE PHILOSOPHES ADVOCATE REASON • Voltaire (FR) Combats Intolerance: “I do not agree with a word you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it.” • French • Wrote “Candide”(wrote with a narrative, satirical style) • Idea: freedom of speech and religion

9. Learning Goal:Explain the ideas of Montesquieu. II. Montesquieu and the Separation of Powers I. French II. Wrote “On the Spirit of Laws” III. Idea: separation of powers; checks and balances

10. Learning Goal:Explain the ideas of Rousseau. III. Rousseau – Champion of Freedom: “Man is born free and everywhere he is in chains.” I. French II. Wrote “The Social Contract” III. Idea: believed that free and unrestrained life was ideal; believed that government was necessary, but social contract should prevail

11. Learning Goal:Explain the Ideas of Sidney • IV. Algernon Sidney – Believed in the right to be equal and free, popular sovereignty. • I. English • II. Wrote: Discourses Concerning Government • III. Idea: God leaves to Man the choice of Forms in Government; and those who constitute one Form, may abrogate it....

12. Learning Goal:Explain the Ideas of Coke • V. Edward Coke: He was a champion of Common Law and held the belief that it was the supreme law and far more powerful than the King. • I. English • II. Upset King James with his comments. • III. Idea: the King cannot change any part of the common law nor create any offence by proclamation which was not an offence before

13. Learning Goal:Explain the Ideas of Diderot • VI. Denis Diderot - "The good of the people must be the great purpose of government. By the laws of nature and of reason, the governors are invested with power to that end. And the greatest good of the people is liberty. It is to the state what health is to the individual.” • I. French • II. chief editor of the L'Encyclopédie • III. Many of his books did not publish until after his death because they were considered to controversial. Diderot condemned Colonialism and Slavery.

14. Learning Goal:Explain the ideas of Franklin • Benjamin Franklin - Within nation-states, Franklin thought that “independent entrepreneurs make good citizens” because they pursue “attainable goals” and are “capable of living a useful and dignified life.” • I. English/American • II. Wrote many books and articles • III. Idea: Franklin was a staunch defender of federalism, a critic of narrow parochialism, a visionary leader in world politics and a strong advocate of religious liberty.

15. Learning Goal:Explain the ideas of Beccaria. IV. Cesare Beccaria Promotes Criminal Justice I. Italian II. Wrote “On Crimes and Punishments” III. Idea: no cruel or unusual punshiment; punishments should fit crimes

16. Learning Goal:Describe women and their role during the Enlightenment. C. WOMEN AND THE ENLIGHTENMENT • Mary Wollstonecraft: • English • Wrote “A Vindication of the Rights of Women” • Idea: women should be guaranteed rights • Salons:

17. Learning Goal:Explain the legacy of the Enlightenment. D. LEGACY OF THE ENLIGHTENMENT • Belief in Progress • A More Secular Outlook • Importance of the Individual • Enlightened Despots • American Revolution • French Revolution

18. Two Treatises on Government -- Locke • Paraphrase Locke’s definition of liberty in your own words. • Liberty is freedom from absolute, arbitrary power; neither government nor freedom should be absolute.

19. Candide -- Voltaire • What are the “pebbles” and “yellow mud” of Eldorado that the Europeans value so much? • Yellow mud is gold. The pebbles are precious gems. • Why does no one leave Eldorado? • First, geographically it is almost impossible because of steep mountains and valleys and the river currents. Second, the rulers have decreed that no one should leave, so no one tries. • What does Candide fine to admire as he tours the city? • The city is beautiful, with fountains of water and sweet drinks, and scented pavements. More importantly, there are no law courts or prisons, but there is a palace of science. • In what ways is the king of Eldorado an ideal Enlightenment ruler? • The king does not demand any great ceremony or fawning, but treats people as equals. He is opposed to tyranny and says “All men are free.”

20. The Social Contract -- Rousseau • Which did Rousseau believe was better – a government freely formed by the people or one imposed on a people by force? • A government freely formed by the people • Did Rousseau believe that it was the right of the strongest to rule? • No; he believed that being strong and forceful did not necessarily give the strongest the rule unless the people willed it. • How would you compare Locke’s idea about government to Rouseeau’s? • Both Locke and Rousseau believed that legitimate government came from the people.

21. A Vindication of the Rights of Women – Wollstonecraft • According to Wollstonecraft, what happens when women are not properly educated? • Women are made weak and wretched when they are allowed to develop their abilities. • What is Wollstonecraft’s opinion of the equality of men and women? • In her opinion, women are physically inferior, but like men, needed education to become virtuous and useful. • Rousseau believed that a woman’s education should be primarily to teach her to become a better wife and mother. How do you think Wollstonecraft would react to his views? • She may have agreed with him because she felt that education helped women become “affectionate wives and rational mothers.” On the contrary, she may have disagreed with him because she stressed that the purpose of education was to help women develop their talents and abilities and, in turn, make them more noble.