Lets utilize those ipads shall we?!

1. Lets utilize those ipads shall we?! • Your job today is to research the concept of homeostasis and relate it to the processes of photosynthesis and cell respiration. • Locate a video or animation that shows the relationship, including the reactants and products of both processes. • Do your best to draw the process showing this relationship using the life chemicals involved. Use color and be as detailed as possible! • Last, write a summary (1-2 paragraphs) comparing and contrasting the processes, describe the organisms involved and how the regulation of these life processes contributes to homeostasis. • Use the pink construction paper in the back of the room. • Provide references………

2. I. Homeostasiss A. All living things are made up of organized structures and systems. To stay alive all organisms must keep their biological systems stable even though they live in a changing environment. In order to keep their systems stable, organisms must continually adapt and respond to changes in the environment. The internal stability that organisms maintain is called homeostasis.

3. B. Homeostasis is the process of maintaining internal conditions within a narrow range that varies only slightly over time. Example: Human body temperature must stay at about 98.6F (or 37C) in order to stay alive and healthy. If body temperature gets too hot or too cold, we would get sick and may even die. II. Basic Biochemical Processes of Living Things A. Biochemical processes are the chemical processes that occur in living things. All organisms need both energy and nutrients to carry on the internal biochemical processes that are necessary for life.

4. 1. Two very necessary biochemical processes that must occur for all life forms to continue are photosynthesis and cell respiration. Photosynthesis is the process by which the energy from sunlight is stored in the chemical bonds of organic (containing many carbons) molecules such as carbohydrates. Plants, algae, and many single-celled organisms carry out photosynthesis. Cell respiration is the process by which the chemical energy stored in nutrients is released for use in cells. All living organisms carry out cellular respiration.

6. What you will know? What really happens to the food we ingest and digest? Remember those carbs, lipids, and proteins? This unit will explain how we take our food and convert it into something we can use. That something is GLUCOSE Once we have our glucose – our bodies (our cells) are actually able to break its many high energy storing bonds through a series of complex reactions!! CELLULARRESPIRATION Remember... Cellular Respiration is a process that occurs continuously in the cells of ALL ORGANISMS – that includes plants, protists, fungi, and all animals!!!

7. CELLULAR RESPIRATION • Cellular respiration- • a series of chemical reactions to break down the chemical bonds of food molecules. • Packages this energy into a usable form called ATP (adenosine triphosphate) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j7gPtASv0SQ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-Gb2EzF_XqA

8. I. ENERGY • Energy is the ability to do work • All organisms need energy to stay alive!

9. II. ENERGY COMES FROM FOOD! • Organisms break down food which releases energy • Some of the energy is released as heat to keep organisms warm • Release of energy stored in food inside the cell is called cellular respiration • Living things can only use the chemical energy form. • Part of the energy is stored as high energy chemical bonds (in ATP) Does this look familiar to anyone………?

10. ATP and ADP • energy released in cellular respiration is packaged in molecules called ATP and ADP • ATP = adenosine triphosphate (3 phosphate groups –holds more energy) • ADP = adenosine diphosphate (2 phosphate groups – less energy stored)

12. Phosphorylation • When the third phosphate group is removed and bonded to another compound, it is called phosphorylation. During Active transport, ATP is used to change the shape of some proteins for transport in and out of the cell

13. Adenosine triphosphate H Adenosine diphosphate

14. III. AEROBIC RESPIRATION(in the mitochondria of a cell) • Requires free oxygen (not combined with any other compound) • Glucose completely oxidizes (loses electrons and breaks down energy) • Maximum amount of energy is removed from glucose • Occurs in almost all plant and animal cells

15. ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION(in the cytoplasm of the cell) • Process without oxygen • Cell receives little of the chemical energy from the glucose • Examples are yeast, bacteria and fatigued muscle cells

16. REACTIONS TO KNOW • The glucose produced during photosynthesis is used in two ways: • a. One way glucose is used is to build complex molecules. • Plants store a lot of the glucose they make by joining many glucose molecules together in long chains called starch (a carbohydrate). • b. Another way glucose is used is to produce ATP molecules. • The energy molecule ATP is produced during cell respiration when glucose is broken down into carbon dioxide and water. ATP is the ‘fuel’ for life. • * Memory device: ATP is a molecule that contains All The Power.

17. GLYCOLYSIS(Does not require oxygen) • takes place in the cytoplasm of the celland occurs in both aerobic and anaerobic respiration • Glucose + 2ATP 2 Pyruvic acid + 4ATP (the splitting of glucose) 2 ATP are needed to kick start the process. SO WHAT IS THE NET GAIN IN ATP? Glucose 2 Pyruvic acid + 2 ATP

18. ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION • takes place in the cytoplasm of the cells when no free oxygen present • two types • lactic acid fermentation • alcohol fermentation

19. A. LACTIC ACID FORMATION- in the cytoplasm • occurs in bacteria and fatigued muscle cells Glucose 2 pyruvic acid 2 lactic acid + 2ATP (glycolysis) (lactic acid fermentation) Glucose lactic acid + 2ATP

20. B. ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION-in the cytoplasm • Occurs in yeast (fungi)! Glucose2 pyruvic acid2 ethanol + 2 CO2 + 2ATP (glycolysis) (alcoholic fermentation) Glucose alcohol + CO2 + 2ATP

21. Anaerobic (No O2) Respiration/Fermentation (GLYCOLYSIS) Uses 2 ATP In the cytoplasm (C6H12O6) GLUCOSE PYRUVIC ACID (C-C-C) enzymes lactic acid + 4 ATP is produced in *bacteria cells (cheese and yogurt or fatigued*muscle cells (muscle fatigue) alcohol& carbon dioxide CO2 + 4 ATP is produced in *yeast cells (baking and brewing) ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN if no oxygen Is present process remains in cytoplasm C6H12O6lactic acid + 2 ATP C6H12O6alcohol + CO2 + 2ATP NET GAIN

22. 3. AEROBIC RESPIRATION • takes place in the mitochondria of the cell C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O 6CO2 + 12H2O + 36ATP Reduced: C6H12O6 + O2 CO2 + H2O + 36ATP In words: Glucose + oxygen carbon dioxide + water + ATP

23. After glycolysis (splitting of glucose) occurs in the cytoplasm 90% of the chemical energy still remains in the high energy electrons of pyruvic acid. If oxygen is present then the pyruvic acid travels to the mitochondria for the final two additional steps of Aerobic respiration. A. The Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) During the Krebs Cycle, pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide while producing high energy electrons to be used for generating large amounts of ATP!

24. B. The Electron Transport Chain (in the mitochondria) Electrons from the Krebs Cycle help convert ADP (Adenosine Diphosphate) to ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) and produces water in the process!

25. If oxygen is present Process moves to the mitochondria Aerobic (O2) Respiration carbon and oxygenatoms are removed – they produce CO2that leaves the cell and is sent to the lungs to be exhaled (GLYCOLYSIS) Uses 2 ATP In the cytoplasm C6H12O6 GLUCOSE KREB’S CYCLE PYRUVIC ACID (C-C-C) enzymes O2 O2 O2 O2 breathed in ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN O2 O2 O2 O2 remaining hydrogen (H+) combines with free O2 to produce O2 H2O CO2 + H2O + 36ATP NET GAIN C6H12O6 + O2 CO2 + H2O + 38 ATP

27. http://vimeo.com/10693405 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JnQqbMg74Hk

28. Cell respiration = is a series of chemical reactions that breakdown the chemical _________ of food molecules to release __________ in the usable form of ________. ____________ - requires oxygen ____________ - no oxygen present __________ (C6H12O6)