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Chapter 3: Migration

Chapter 3: Migration. Key Issue 2: Where are migrants distributed???. Global Migration Patterns. Asia, Latin America, and Africa have out-migration North America, Europe, and Oceania have in-migration Reflects importance of migration from LDC’s to MDC’s. U.S. Immigration.

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Chapter 3: Migration

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  1. Chapter 3: Migration Key Issue 2: Where are migrants distributed???

  2. Global Migration Patterns • Asia, Latin America, and Africa have out-migration • North America, Europe, and Oceania have in-migration • Reflects importance of migration from LDC’s to MDC’s

  3. U.S. Immigration • Pop of US includes 40 million foreign born individuals • ½ are from Latin America • ¼ are from Asia • Other MDCs with high net migration • Australia • Canada • Oil rich Middle East Countries

  4. US Immigration Patterns • U.S. immigration patterns offer unique study • 3rd most populous country in the world • Inhabited overwhelming by descendents of immigrants • Three era’s of immigrations • Settlement of colonies • Mid 19th century- early 20th century • 1970’s -today

  5. Era I: Colonial Immigration from England and Africa 1600s- 1776 • Sources: • Africa • Europe • Africa • Slaves forced to migrate • 400,000 shipped to 13 colonies • 250,000 after 1808 • European • voluntary • Harsh economic conditions • Religious persecution • 1 million migrated prior to independence • 1 million between 1700’s to 1840’s • 1st to arrive settlers at Jamestown, VA in 1607 • 90% prior to 1840 were British

  6. Era II: 19th Century Immigration from Europe • 40 million migrated to US • Pulled by economic opportunities • Mainly from Germany, Italy, U.K, Ireland and Russia • 3 peaks • 1840s, 1850s • 1880s • 1900-1913 • 1840’s-1850’s 1st surge(4.3 million) • Mainly came from Northern and Western Europe • Famine in Ireland (push) • Germans • Welcomed Protestant/white/English

  7. 2nd peak: 1880’s • 500,000 migrants • Northern and Western Europe • Many migrants from Scandinavia • Swedes • Norwegians • Migrants coming from countries moving into Stage 2 of Demographic Transition due to the Industrial Revolution

  8. 3rd peak of European Migration: 1900-1914 • Nearly 2 million immigrants • 2/3rds of immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe • Italy • Russia • Austria-Hungary • Coincided with diffusion of Industrial Revolution

  9. Era III:1970s - Present • Asia: • mainly 1970’s and 1980’s • Mainly from China, Turkey, and Japan • During 1990’s and 2000’s mainly from China, Philippines, and India • 40% of Canadian immigration • Latin America • Late 1800s, 1990’s, and 2000’s • 500,000 a year to U.S. • Mexico passes Germany in 2006 as the country that sent the US the most immigrants • Dominican Republic is #2 in L.A. • Pushed by: • Poor conditions at home • Land shortage • Rapid population increase • Problems: • US is no longer sparsely settled • No longer economically booming • Closed frontier

  10. Impact of Immigration on the United States • Legacy of European Migration • Ended after WWI • Europe’s Demographic Transition • Rapid pop growth fueled migration • Migration was a safety valve • Europe now in Stage 4 • Economies meet needs of people • Diffusion of European Culture • 65 million European immigrants impacted world culture • Indo-European languages spoken by half the worlds population • Christianity most prevalent religion • Political and economic structures infused • Colonial empires

  11. Undocumented Immigration to the United States • Legal immigration reached highest level in 20th century • More people want to enter than allowed • Called unauthorized (or undocumented) immigrants • Estimated at 11.9 million in 2008 • 59 % from Mexico • 22% from elsewhere in Latin America • 12% from Asia • Children • 2008 estimate: • 6.3 million adult males • 4.1 million adult females • 1.5 million children • 4 million children born in U.S. to undocumented parents • Creates conflict: • Jobs • 8.3 million of undocumented immigrants employed • Construction/ hospitality • Border easy to cross • Border patrol • Wall? • Some Americans angry at paying more taxes and losing jobs • Some favor work programs • Belief that undocumented immigrants take the jobs no one wants • Dream Act

  12. Dream Act • This bill would provide conditional permanent residency to certain undocumented residents of good moral character who graduate from U.S. high schools, arrived in the United States as minors, and lived in the country continuously for at least five years prior to the bill's enactment. • If they were to complete two years in the military or two years at a four-year institution of higher learning, they would obtain temporary residency for a six-year period. • Within the six-year period, they may qualify for permanent residency if they have "acquired a degree from an institution of higher education in the United States or [have] completed at least 2 years, in good standing, in a program for a bachelor's degree or higher degree in the United States” • This bill would have included undocumented immigrants as old as 35 years of age. • Supporters argue that the Act would not create an "amnesty program" and would produce a variety of social and economic benefits • Critics contend that it would reward illegal immigration and encourage further illegal immigration, inviting fraud and shielding gang members from deportation.

  13. Destination of Immigrants within the United States • Clusters • 1/5th in California • 1/4th of undocumented • 1/6th in New York Metro Area • Proximity a factor • Cuba / Florida • Mexico/ Texas • Chain Migration • Migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of same nationality previously migrated there • Job prospects affect settlement • South and West have rapid growth in jobs

  14. Part II: Why do migrants face obstacles?

  15. Immigration Policies of Host Countries • U.S. Quota Laws • Quota Act of 1921 and National Origins Act 1924 • Unrestricted immigration ended in 1921 • Quotas established • 1924: 2% of 1910 census population • Max 150,000 • System continued until 1960’s • Designed to ensure most immigrants were European • Immigration Act of 1965 • Quotas eliminated in 1968 and replaced with hemisphere quotas • Eastern = 170,000 • Western= 120,000 • 1978 Quota • Hemisphere quota replaced with a global quota • Total 290,000 • Current Global Quota • 620,000 • 7% max from one country • Today those with families are “preferred” • Skilled workers preferred • Typical wait is 5 years • Does not apply to refugees • Has to be “genuine”

  16. Immigration Issues • Brain Drain • Most immigrants young, well-educated • US gives preference to “skilled workers” • Large-scale emigration by talented people • 84% in Haiti • Asians • Temporary Migration for Work • Guest workers • Europe, Middle East • Protected by minimum-wage laws • Earn more than at home • Help native populations by sending $ back • Take low-skill, low-status jobs

  17. Time-Contract Workers • Recruited for a fixed period to work in mines or on plantations • When contract expired, many stayed • Mainly in Asia • China • American Example: • Chinese railroad workers 1860s

  18. Economic Migrants and Refugees • Difficult to distinguish between Migrants seeking economic opportunity and refugees fleeing government persecution • Examples: • Cuba • Haiti • Vietnam • Economic migrants are not admitted unless they have a special skills or a close relative • Refugees have special priority

  19. Cuba • Cubans are regarded as political refugees since 1959 • After Communist Revolution/ Castro • 600,000 admitted to US after revolution in 1959 • 2nd flood in 1980 when Fidel Castro allowed people to leave • Political prisoners • Criminals • Mental patients • U.S. was unprepared for sudden influx • Migrants had to stay at camps • 1987: US allowed 20,000 Cubans per year

  20. Elian Gonzalez

  21. Haiti • 1957-1986 • Duvalier Dictatorship • Not associated with Soviet Union • Refugees not allowed • sued US government • 1991 a coup to overthrow dictatorship led more immigrants to leave • Today: lots of immigrants, now economic

  22. Vietnam • Huge flux with end of Vietnam war and success of communist North Vietnam in 1975 • Migrated to many regions • 800,000 in US since 1975 • 2nd surge in 1980s • Mainly economic migrants

  23. Cultural Problems • US Attitudes Towards Immigrants • Discrimination in 1840’s-1850’s • 1911: Southern and Eastern Europeans were “inferior” • Deemed “inclined towards violent crimes” • Resisted assimilation • When Frontier “closed” public thought so should immigration • Most recently undocumented workers have created a hostile issue • CA, Arizona • Voted to deny unauthorized immigrants access to public services

  24. Attitudes towards guest workers • In Europe, suffer from poor social conditions • Lonely life • Guest workers typically young males, no family • Issues with language create cultural barriers • Many oppose programs to improve guest workers living conditions • France, Germany • Some try to pay workers to leave

  25. Guest Workers • Sending workers abroad is an economic strategy for peripheral and semi-peripheral countries • Lessens local unemployment • Enables workers to send $ home • Can help home countries

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