Today’s Warm Up

1. Today’s Warm Up • Pick up the handout at the front of the room. Decide whether each statement is fact or interpretation. Be ready to share!

2. Finding a Common Trait Game • Move around the room… I’ll call out a number and you need to form a group with that many people and find something you ALL have in common.

3. ReconstructionToday’s LEQ: How did Reconstruction change the U.S.? Rebuilding the Nation…

4. Problems the Nation Faced after the Civil War • The Civil War ended in 1865 with the Union (North) winning. • After the Civil War, the North and the South had to be rejoined. • The South was devastated and had to be rebuilt. • 2/3 of the South’s shipping industry was destroyed • 9,000 miles of railroad tracks were destroyed • Southern farms were destroyed and/or the property value greatly decreased.

5. What is Reconstruction? • Reconstruction was the controversial plan to rebuild the nation after the devastation of the Civil War.

6. What is Reconstruction? • 13th Amendment- passed in 1865; abolished slavery • 4 million African Americans were freed from slavery after the Civil War • Reconstructionoffered ahuge opportunity to provide freedom and equality to African Americans

7. Lincoln’s Plan for Reconstruction • 10% Plan • 10% of white men to swear allegiance to the Union, and accept emancipation of slaves • Former confederates could run local governments

8. Presidential Reconstruction • President Lincoln was assassinated in 1865 and never had the chance to put his plan into practice • Vice President, Andrew Johnson faced the task of rebuilding the nation

9. Presidential Reconstruction • The first plan for rebuilding the nation was known as Presidential Reconstruction • President Johnson was a democrat from the South • Formerly condemned slavery but had no concern for former slaves • Radical Republicans disagreed with Johnson’s plan • Think: How might President Johnson’s personal experience have impacted his ideas for Reconstruction? (Video Clip)

10. Presidential Reconstruction • Lenient, rapid, and involved little change • Granted amnesty to former Confederates who signed loyalty oath • Restored all property, except slaves and confiscated lands • Ratified 13th amendment: abolished slavery • Cancelled war debt

11. Problems with the Plans of Lincoln & Johnson • Freedmen had no role in either plan & no guarantee of rights!

12. Brainstorm… • List five things ex-slaves probably wanted with their freedom in the top of your graphic organizer… • Be ready to share!

13. What ex-slaves wanted with their freedom… • To travel freely • Right to own land / economic independence • Find and reunite with relatives • Right to an education • Equality; freedom from prejudice Add these to your graphic organizer if they weren’t on your list.

14. Think about it… Stand Up, Pair Up • What do you think many white Southerners thought about what freedmen wanted? • Will they help or hinder freedmen? Why?

15. Southern Hardships • Freed Slaves (Freedmen) • New life in poor economic area • Homeless • Hungry • Unemployed

16. Southern Hardships • Plantation Owners • Loss of slave labor • Land was often seized by the government

17. Southern Hardships • Poor White Southerners • Competing against freedmen for jobs • Many migrated to Mississippi and Texas for jobs

18. Plantation Life Changes • Freedman now have choice – to stay or to leave • Plantation owners now have to pay salaries for labor • Read “A Letter to a Former Master”

19. Freedmen’s Bureau • Developed to help former slaves • Provided food, schools, legal help, etc • Unpopular with many white southerners • Vetoed by Johnson

20. Step 1 • Get to know Andrew Johnson and Oliver O. Howard…

21. Step 2 • Read “The Freedmen’s Bureau Act of 1865” • While you’re reading, identify three goalsof the Freedmen’s Bureau (underline or circle) • Be ready to share 

22. Goals of the Freedmen’s Bureau • Supervise and manage all abandoned lands and “all subjects relating to refugees and freedmen from rebel states” • In your own words? • Issue provisions, clothing, fuel, and shelter for destitute refugees and freedmen • In your own words? • The authority to set apart abandoned or confiscated lands for use by freedmen and refugees with the possibility of purchase of such land after three years • In your own words?

23. Step 3 • Read through President Johnson’s Amnesty Proclamation • While you’re reading, identify the goal(s)of President Johnson’s amnesty (circle or underline) • Be ready to share 

24. President Johnson’s Amnesty Proclamation • Goals: Pardon most white Southerners and return their lands to them • Think, Pair, Share – How would this hinder the Freedmen’s Bureau?

25. Step 4 • Read through Circular #13 • While you’re reading, identify the goal(s)of Oliver H. Howard (circle or underline) • Be ready to share  • Circular orders were the commissioner’s means of communicating orders

26. Step 5 • Read through Circular #15 • While you’re reading, identify the goal(s)of this document (circle or underline) • Be ready to share 

28. Resistance to Reconstruction • Southern states legislatures found ways to resist Reconstruction • Passed Black Codes- laws intended to restrict the freedom & opportunities of African Americans.

29. Black Code Sample Here is an edited example of one of the Black Codes: The Black Codes Now that the slaves have become emancipated, it is necessary to pass regulations that preserve public order. These regulations must also preserve the comfort and correct behavior of the former slaves. Therefore, the following rules have been adopted with the approval of the United States military authorities who have commanded this area. 1) Every Negro is required to be in the regular service of some white person or former owner, who shall be held responsible for the conduct of that Negro. 2) No public meetings or congregations of Negroes shall be allowed after sunset. Such public meetings may be held during the day with the permission of the local captain in charge of the area. 3) No Negro shall be permitted to preach or otherwise speak out to congregations of colored people without special permission in writing from the government. 4) Negroes may legally marry, own property and sue and be sued in a court of law. 5) Negroes may not serve on juries. 6) A Negro may not testify against a white person in a Court of Law. 7) It shall be illegal for a Negro or a person of Negro descent to marry a white person. 8) No Negro shall be permitted outside in public after sundown without permission in writing from the government. A Negro conducting business for a white person may do so but only under the direct supervision of his employer. 9) No Negro shall sell, trade, or exchange merchandise within this area without the special written permission of his employer. 10) No Negro who is not in the military service shall be allowed to carry firearms or any kind or weapons of any type without the special written permission of his employers.

30. Resistance to Reconstruction • Fifteenth Amendmentgave African Americans the right to vote; Southern states resisted with: • Poll Taxes • Literacy Tests • Grandfather Clauseprotected poor white Southerners Activity: 1965 Alabama Literacy Test

31. Resistance to Reconstruction • Fourteenth Amendmentmade former slaves citizens; made Black Codes illegal • South resisted by implementing Jim Crow Laws – “separate but equal”

32. A Northern Journalist's Perspective • “The whites seem wholly unable to comprehend that freedom for the negro means the same thing as freedom for them. They readily enough admit that the Government has made them free, but appear to believe that they still have the right to exercise over him the same old control.” -Sidney Andrews, Atlantic Monthly, 1866

33. Further Resistance in the Form of Terror Groups • White Brotherhood • Knights of the White Camelia • Ku Klux Klan • Swore that they were “opposed to negro equality, both socially and politically.” • Terrorized blacks & white Republicans • Tactics including burning black schools, attacking Freedmen’s Bureau officials, and even murder. Video Clip

34. Homework: Take Fives OR Magnets • You have a choice. You may complete a Take Five Summaries OR Magnet Strategies (w/paragraph summary) on the two readings provided: • “Black Codes” • “The Klu Klux Klan” • Dragons aren’t real. • Do your homework… • One summary for each…