Emergency Exit Detector Team Kelly PDR Presentation Team Members Leonardo Mascarenhas

1. Emergency Exit Detector Team Kelly PDR Presentation Team Members Leonardo Mascarenhas Ernald Nicolas Krystina Pysz David Vega

2. Motivation September 11, 2001 South Tower • four civilians escaped on Stairwell A from 80th floor or above • one specific evacuee switched from one impassable staircase to a clear one North Tower • one group below the fire repeatedly called 911 asking for the fire’s location • this group is presumed dead because 911 advised them to remain on the 83rd floor

3. Development Original Idea • Imaging sensors, cameras or radar, monitor stairwells and return information on blockage. • This data feeds a processing unit that shows its result on displays near the corresponding sensors. Structural Engineering Consultation Dr. Scott Civjan University of Massachusetts Amherst • emphasized that sensors must have no potential of harm • noted that power supply often fails during such emergencies • said that the current concern in high-rise safety is risk of fire

4. Today Heat Sensor Input • monitor temperature and its rate of rise • wireless sensors avoid dependence on building power grid • commercially available system relieves the need to design sensor network Flashing Light Output National Electrical Manufacturer’s Associationarticle • uniqueness of each individual fire • need to alert victims of the current emergency • importance of providing as much information as possible

5. Block Diagram Wireless Heat Sensors Exit Warning Devices Device 1 out 1 FSK Receiver FSM (A/D) Light Displays Digital Logic Computer with Routing Algorithm 2 Device 2 Commercial Sensor Receiver and Fire Control Panel out 3 FSK Receiver FSM (A/D) Digital Logic Light Displays FSK Transmitter 4 Device 3 out 5 FSK Receiver Digital Logic Light Displays 6 Wireless Wire

6. Monitoring / data collection • Wireless Heat Sensors will be placed inside stairwells • Monitoring and data collection will be performed by commercially available fire control panels • Ours system input data will be retrieved from the fire control panel Wireless Heat Sensors 1 2 Commercial Sensor Receiver and Fire Control Panel 3 4 5 6

7. User Interface and Routing Algorithm • User interface has to be user friendly and secure • Will retrieve the data from a fire control panel • Will analyze the data to identify which stairwells are clear • If fire gets into a stairwell, it will send a warning signal to the transmitter • Will be able to prioritize best exit route Computer with Routing Algorithm

8. FSK Transmitter • FSK Transceiver • Advantages • Uses Unlicensed band (433MHz) • Bandwidth of 140kHz to 800 kHz • Frequency Hopping Capability • We are sending very small messages • Low Power • Transmission range of 50m • Will require some logic before it • Will require backup power (Battery) FSK Transmitter

9. Exit Warning Device • Must be compact • Will be placed above the stairwell door • Requires Backup Power • Will display a Green or a Red light • Receiver • FSK Transceiver • Same motives as transmitter • Each receiver will be tuned to different frequencies • Output will be directed to a Digital Logic Circuitry Device 1 FSK Receiver FSM (A/D) Digital Logic Light Displays

10. Cont’d, Exit Warning Device • Digital Logic • Will use a FSM • Necessary to control Light displays • Will have 3 main states • Idle, Green, and Red • Will count the number of high inputs during a small period of time to decide its output. • Light Display • Has to be intuitive • Display either Green orRed • Must be as visible as possible through smoke Device 1 FSK Receiver FSM (A/D) Digital Logic Light Displays

11. Design Alternatives Options exist in our choice of: Sensors Warning displays Wireless Transmission

12. Wireless Heat Sensors 1 2 Commercial Sensor Receiver and Fire Control Panel 3 4 5 6 Design Alternatives: Sensors • The following were considered for the main sensing unit: • 1. Optical/Infrared cross-referenced with images – to measure stairwell aggregation and/or structural integrity • X Lighting is poor during emergencies, and infrared could give false information • 2. Wires embedded in wall - measure structural integrity • X Fires pose more common and more serious threat than structural collapse • 3. RFID - for measuring stairwell aggregation and detecting heat/temperature rise • X RFID scanners are too expensive • Why we chose Heat/Smoke Detectors – • Commercially available • Focus is on fire emergencies • Wireless

13. Design Alternatives: Warning Displays The following are currently under consideration: • Visual: Flashing Lights • Red = unsafe exit, Green = safe exit • Visual: Mapping Display • Show optimal route of exit • Sounds: Speakers/Voice - Including information such as location, time frame, severity, and likelihood of hazard, source of warning Device 1 FSK Receiver FSM (A/D) Light Displays Digital Logic Device 2 FSK Receiver FSM (A/D) Digital Logic Light Displays Device 3 FSK Receiver Light Displays Digital Logic

14. Computer with Routing Algorithm FSK Transmitter Design Alternatives: Wireless Transmission • ASK (Amplitude Shift Keying) – for sending binary data X More susceptible to noise than FSK 2. Amplitude Modulation (AM) X Subject to amplitude noise • Bandwidth efficient = good if large numbers of signals are to be multiplexed 3. Frequency Modulation (FM) X Bandwidth inefficient, complex receiver • Good sound quality 4. Frequency Division Multiplex (FDM) - Need for bandpass filters = tough to build - good for limited amount of receivers with lots of information to send, too many could cause interference

15. MDR Deliverables Transmitter Capable of sending a specific message In our case, we would like to send a 1 or nothing. Able to sweep through an entire sequences of desirable frequencies Outputs with sufficient signal strength Transmission without overlap to adjacent frequency bands

16. (cont’d) MDR Deliverables Receiver • Equipped with bandpass filter attuned to specific frequency band • Extract message from signal and apply the instruction to the LED display • Full digital logic unit will not be included for MDR • LED array of red/green lights with diodes in reverse polarity

17. Deliverables • Generated output files from heat sensor system as input to algorithm • Interface of algorithm with transmitter • 6 output receivers (2 floors) receiving wireless signals at unique frequencies • Effective output display device