Breaking the mould: Neutrinos & the accelerators of tomorrow

1. 1/39 PP Seminar, 30/10/12 Breaking the mould: Neutrinos & the accelerators of tomorrow V. Blackmore

2. 2/39 PP Seminar, 30/10/12 Contents Neutrino physics today A route to new accelerators The long & winding road

3. 3/39 PP Seminar, 30/10/12 A short history lesson Source: Fermilab & MAP

4. 4/39 PP Seminar, 30/10/12 Neutrino Oscillations where Figure: The “relationship” between neutrino flavour and mass. Non-zero  can measure , CP violating phase New

5. 5/39 PP Seminar, 30/10/12 Facility Checklist or ?

6. 6/39 PP Seminar, 30/10/12 A New Facility? Current Experimental Reach Precision P. Huber et. al., JHEP 11 044 (2009) P. Coloma, et. al., arXiv:1203:5651 Yes please!

7. 7/39 PP Seminar, 30/10/12 Muon beams to the rescue

8. 8/39 PP Seminar, 30/10/12 The Muon Advantage Source Oscillation Detection CC CC Superbeam CC CC CC CC Muon Beam CC CC

9. 9/39 PP Seminar, 30/10/12 The Muon Advantage Source Oscillation Detection CC CC Superbeam CC CC CC CC Muon Beam CC CC

10. 10/39 PP Seminar, 30/10/12 The Muon Advantage Store Store ? CP: T ? Source Oscillation Detection CC CC Muon Beam CC CC

11. 11/39 PP Seminar, 30/10/12 Muons are challenging Production Acceleration Control

12. 12/39 PP Seminar, 30/10/12 Neutrino Factory Low Luminosity Neutrino Factory No cooling, Low Energy Neutrino Factory With cooling, “IDS” Neutrino Factory With cooling,

13. 13/39 PP Seminar, 30/10/12 Liouville’s Theorem 2nd Moments conserved General physics theorem: “The volume of phase space occupied by a system of particles is constant*” *When considering conservative forces

14. 14/39 PP Seminar, 30/10/12 Emittance & Amplitude High Emittance Want Low Emittance

15. 15/39 PP Seminar, 30/10/12 NF Requirements To first approximation: Acceptedbeam: High Emittance Want Low Emittance

16. 16/39 PP Seminar, 30/10/12 Initial* emittance estimates Post-production muons Low Energy NF (muon collider) We must violate Liouville’s Theorem! *Approximate size estimations! Dramatic license application in progress...

17. 17/39 PP Seminar, 30/10/12 Violating Liouville’s Theorem: A “How To” Guide Standard emittance reduction techniques Ionisation cooling

18. 18/39 PP Seminar, 30/10/12 Proven Techniques p Measure Synchrotron/Radiative Cooling Stochastic Cooling Storage Ring Dipole e Kick p Synchrotron Radiation Pros: Fast cooling Cons: Works best for light particles, too heavy! Pros: Works well for heavy particles Cons: Takes time, too short-lived!

19. 19/39 PP Seminar, 30/10/12 Ionisation Cooling RF Cooled beam Absorber Restores only longitudinal momentum , phase space reduced Reduces all momentum components Cooling

20. 20/39 PP Seminar, 30/10/12 Ionisation Cooling RF Cooled beam Absorber Restores only longitudinal momentum , phase space reduced Reduces all momentum components 0000000000000000 Cooling Heating (Mult. Scat)

21. 21/39 PP Seminar, 30/10/12 MICE The Muon Ionisation Cooling Experiment Engineer, Build, Operate & Understandan ionisation cooling channel

22. 22/39 PP Seminar, 30/10/12 How does this work? “Step IV” 22 litres Contain it Low Cooling 4T solenoid (42 cm) (but no reacceleration) (or LiH) Al windows, thick

23. 23/39 PP Seminar, 30/10/12 To reaccelerate... “Step VI” Giant 4T solenoid 8 MV/m cavities Cooling 10 MeV lost Repeat

24. 24/39 PP Seminar, 30/10/12 Measuring ? ? 4T solenoid Scintillating fibre tracker

25. 25/39 PP Seminar, 30/10/12 Result: MICE RF 4T Solenoid field, scintillating fibre tracker Measures components: Measure Cool Absorber Reaccelerates , restoring lost energy and Spectrometer Solenoid Measure Liquid hydrogen or solid Lithium Hydride. Reduces momentum vector

26. 26/39 PP Seminar, 30/10/12 The Missing Ingredient “Step I” 800 MeV Protons x Target Quadrupole Triplet Upstream Downstream Dipole #1 Dipole #2 BPM TOF0 TOF1 Decay Solenoid Quadrupole Triplet Quadrupole Triplet Ckov

27. 27/39 PP Seminar, 30/10/12 The Missing Ingredient “Step I” 800 MeV Protons x Target Quadrupole Triplet Upstream Downstream Dipole #1 Dipole #2 BPM TOF0 TOF1 Cooling Channel Decay Solenoid Diffuser Quadrupole Triplet Quadrupole Triplet Ckov

28. 28/39 PP Seminar, 30/10/12 TOF0 TOF1 Particle ID 800 MeV Protons Ckov BPM Q7 Q8 Q9 x Target Quadrupole Triplet Upstream Downstream Dipole #1 Dipole #2 BPM TOF0 TOF1 Cooling Channel Decay Solenoid Diffuser Quadrupole Triplet Quadrupole Triplet Ckov

29. 29/39 PP Seminar, 30/10/12 Data (-, +) Reconstructed Sim. (-, +) MICE Step I (Preliminary Plots!)

30. 30/39 PP Seminar, 30/10/12 Step VI Expectations • Input derived from measured beams • Muon selection based on momentum only: • Gaussian with • Beam is matched and cools well 17% (Preliminary Plots!)

31. 31/39 PP Seminar, 30/10/12 PP Seminar, 30/10/12 MICE Schedule

32. 32/39 PP Seminar, 30/10/12 Intense Proton Source Test Facility, STORM(?) Neutrino Factory But wait! 125 GeV Higgs Factory 4 TeV -Collider The non sumusinsanes, vere applications Dictated by LHC discoveries MAP: “Aspires to prove the feasibility of a Muon Collider within a few years, and to make significant contributions to the international effort devoted to developing Neutrino Factories”

33. 33/39 PP Seminar, 30/10/12 nuSTORM: A Neutrino Factory “Test Facility” 5 GeV Test LSND/ MiniBooNE anomaly 150 m Measure , cross-sections 100kW 60 GeV Neutrino Factory Test Facility

34. 34/39 PP Seminar, 30/10/12 Neutrinos to Muon Colliders Neutrino Factory Muon Collider S. Geer, Annu. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. 2009. 59:347–65

35. 35/39 PP Seminar, 30/10/12 The Future of Ionisation Cooling Muon Collider goal NF cooling (Reverse Emittance Exchange) (Parametric-Resonance Ionisation Cooling) Figure from [2]

36. 36/39 PP Seminar, 30/10/12 Emittance exchange (6D cooling) Large Small

37. 37/39 PP Seminar, 30/10/12 The Future of Ionisation Cooling RFOFO Ring Cooler1 Helical Cooling Channel2 Guggenheim Cooling Channel3 Parametric Resonance Ionisation Cooling4

38. 38/39 PP Seminar, 30/10/12 Summary • is large, possible to measure CP violation and absolute scale of mass hierarchy • Require a precision machine • Neutrino Factory is still the best option • Technology well underway • MICE will demonstrate ionisation cooling • Required for Low Energy Neutrino Factory • Will be one step closer to a Muon Collider • Until then, keep an eye on the STORM!

39. 39/39 PP Seminar, 30/10/12 PP Seminar, 30/10/12 MICE Magnets at RAL

40. a PP Seminar, 30/10/12 Backup Misc. figure references

41. b PP Seminar, 30/10/12 Misc. Figure References • Ionisation cooling ring for muons, R. Palmer et. al., PR-STAB 8, 061003, 2005 • A helical cooling channel system for muon colliders, K. Yoneharaet. al., FERMILAB-CONF-10-108-APC • Recent progress on the 6D cooling simulations in the Guggenheim channel, P. Snopoket. al., Int. J. M. Phys A, 24, pp987 – 998, 2009 • Progress towards Parametric-Resonance Ionisation Cooling in the twin helix channel, J. A. Maloney et. al., NuFACT12

42. d PP Seminar, 30/10/12 Conventional Emittance Measurements Dense grid (a) Measure beam size along beam line (c) Use “Pepper pot” Beamlet Beam Scintillating screen Beam Beamlet Beam Beamlet (b) Measure beam size at fixed position and increasing quadrupole strength Deduce emittance from beam size measurements Deduce from beam size & divergence

43. Luminosity “Achieving a high luminosity is simple, all one has to do is make high population bunches of low emittance collide at high frequency at locations where the beam optics provides as low values of the amplitude functions as possible” – PDG (paraphrased)