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Chapter 10

Chapter 10. Blood. Blood transports nutrients, wastes and body heat from one part of the body to another. Composition of Blood. Blood is a fluid tissue (complex connective tissue ). It has solid and liquid components. Physical Characteristics of Blood. Opaque, sticky Metallic taste

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Chapter 10

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  1. Chapter 10 Blood

  2. Blood transports nutrients, wastes and body heat from one part of the body to another.

  3. Composition of Blood • Blood is a fluid tissue (complex connective tissue). It has solid and liquid components.

  4. Physical Characteristics of Blood • Opaque, sticky • Metallic taste • Salty • Scarlet (lots of oxygen), Dull Red (low oxygen) • Viscous (5 X water) • Alkaline pH 7.35-7.45

  5. Temperature 38 C or 100.4 F • 8% of body weight • Volume in males is 5 to 6 liters

  6. Components of Blood • Plasma – non-living fluid matrix • Formed elements – living blood cells

  7. Percent Composition of Blood • 45% Erythrocytes or Red Blood Cells • < 1% Leukocytes or WBC and Platelets • 55% Plasma

  8. Plasma • The liquid part of the blood • Straw colored fluid • 100’s of substances are dissolved in it (nutrients, metal ions, salts, respiratory gases, hormones, plasma proteins, various wastes and products of cell metabolism)

  9. The Three Plasma Proteins • Albumin – contributes to the osmotic pressure of blood, keeps water in the blood stream • Clotting Proteins – cut down on blood loss • Antibodies – protection from pathogens - The composition of blood is kept constant by homeostatic mechanisms

  10. Formed Elements – Three Kinds – Blood Cells

  11. 1. Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells) or RBC’s • Bring oxygen to all body cells • Flattened discs with depressed centers, increases surface area • Outnumber white blood cells 1000 to 1 • Make blood viscous • Contain hemoglobin – an iron containing protein that transports oxygen

  12. Anemia • Occurs when there is a decrease in the oxygen carrying ability of blood • Decrease in RBC or RBC’s with deficient hemoglobin content

  13. Sickle Cell Anemia • Red blood cells are sickle shaped and clog up in small blood vessels • Decrease in oxygen delivery • Causes pain • Caused by one change in an amino acid • Offers a resistance to malaria

  14. Polycythemia • Abnormal increase in RBC • Causes: bone marrow cancer, high attitudes • Problem: blood to viscous – impairs circulation

  15. 2. Leukocytes or White Blood Cells or WBC’s • Crucial to the bodies defense against disease • Protective moveable army that helps defend the body against damage by bacteria, parasites, viruses and tumor cells • Move by ameboid movement

  16. There are two types of WBC Groups based on visible granules or not Granulocytes • Neutrophils • Eosinophils • Basophils Agranulocytes • Lymphocytes • Monocytes

  17. Leukemia • When the bone marrow becomes cancerous and makes lots of WBC • The WBC do not develop and do not prey on disease good

  18. 3. Platelets • Needed for clotting

  19. Hematopoiesis • The process of blood cell formation occurs in: Red Bone Marrow (flat bones of skull, pelvis, ribs, sternum, humerus, femur) • All of the formed elements arise from a common type of stem cell called a hemocytoblast, which is in the red bone marrow

  20. Hemocytoblast Lymphoid Stem Cell Myeloid Stem Cell Lymphocytes (WBC) other WBC’s RBC’s Platletes

  21. Erythoproteins • Control the rate of production and which types of cells are produced.

  22. Hemostasis • Stoppage of blood flow or clotting

  23. Blood Clots in 3 Stages: • When a blood vessel is damaged platelets and RBC spill into the damaged tissues • Platelets increase in number and begin to attach to damaged surfaces. Strands of a protein called fibrin are formed. • Blood cells, platelets and strands of fibrin become enmeshed in a fibrous tangle called a clot.

  24. Disorders of Hemostasis • Undesirable Clotting – forms in intact blood vessels especially the legs Thrombus – clot that develops and persists in an unbroken blood vessel

  25. Thrombus Types • Coronary thrombosis – forms in the blood vessels serving the heart muscle and a fatal heart attack • Embolus – thrombus that breaks away from the vessel wall and floats freely into the blood stream

  26. 2. Bleeding Disorders • Thrombocytopenia – insufficient number of circulating platelets – normal movements can cause spontaneous bleeding • Hemophilia – genetic – caused by a lack of any of the factors needed for clotting – blood does not clot

  27. Blood Groups and Transfusions • Loss of 15-30% leads to pallor and weakness. • 30% or more causes severe shock and can be fatal

  28. Human Blood Groups • Cell membrane of a RBC has genetically determined proteins (antigens) which ID a person. • Antigen – substances that the body recognizes as foreign – stimulates an immune response

  29. Antibodies – recognize antigens as foreign

  30. Agglutination • Binding of antibodies to antigens • Causes RBC to clump • Clogs blood vessels • RBC’s lyse and release their hemoglobin (no oxygen) • Results – kidney failure, fever, chills. Nausea, vomiting

  31. There are 30 common RBC antigens. • The main ones: Antigens of A, B, O and Rh

  32. ABO Blood Groups • Table 10.2 pg 306 • If you have type A blood your body forms Anti B antibodies

  33. If you have type B blood your body forms Anti-A antibodies.

  34. If you have type O blood your body forms Anti- A and Anti-B antibodies. • Type O – Universal donor

  35. If you have type AB blood your body forms no antibodies • Type AB universal recipient

  36. Rh Blood Groups • People are either Rh+ and have the Rh anitgen or they are Rh- and then they do not have the Rh antigen.

  37. 85% of people are Rh+ • Antibodies are formed when the wrong blood is added. • Rh antibodies are produced by Rh- people who come in contact with Rh+ blood. RBC’s that are Rh+ are attacked and destroyed.

  38. Rh Factor and Pregnancy • Rh- female pregnant with an Rh+ kid • Baby is born healthy but mom begins to make Anti-Rh+ antibodies • 2nd Rh+ kid – her antibodies will go through the placenta and destroy the babies RBC’s

  39. Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn • Babies RBC’s are destroyed – baby is anemic and hypoxic • Brain damage and death results if the baby does not get transfusions.

  40. Blood Typing • Blood is tested by mixing it with two different types of immune serums – Anti A and Anti B.

  41. Agglutination happens when: • Type A is mixed with Anti-A but not Anti-B • Type B is mixed with Anti-B but not Anti-A • Figure 10.7 pg 308

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