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C 25 section 2: East Asia and the West

Qing Dynasty: 1644-1911. C 25 section 2: East Asia and the West. CHINA : Opium Wars and Unequal Treaties 1838-1842. Since 1759: European trade Limited to port of Guangzhou Foreign merchants forced to deal with Chinese firms; ONLY trade in silver buillon.

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C 25 section 2: East Asia and the West

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  1. Qing Dynasty: 1644-1911 C 25 section 2: East Asia and the West

  2. CHINA: Opium Wars and Unequal Treaties 1838-1842 Since 1759: European trade Limited to port of Guangzhou Foreign merchants forced to deal with Chinese firms; ONLY trade in silver buillon 40,000 chests of opium a year shipped to China by 1838 Commissioner Lin Zexurejected by Queen Victoria Lin Zexu confiscated and destroyed 20,000 chests of opium Forced to grant extraterritoriality status UNEQUAL TREATIES/ Spheres of Influence WAR!

  3. Unequal Treaties • According to the 1842 Treaty of Nanjing, the Chinese were to: • Reimburse Britain for costs incurred fighting the Chinese • Open several ports to British trade • Provide Britain with complete control of Hong Kong • Grant extraterritoriality to British citizens living in China REACTION? Taiping Rebellion 1850-1864 Opposed the Manchus: wanted radical Social change, no private property, free public education, equality for men and women 20-30 million lives lost Massive decline in economy/ food 1885 France took Vietnam 1895 Japan forced Korean independence 1898 Spheres of Influence

  4. Chinese Empress Dowager Cixi China: The Boxer Rebellion 1899-1900 Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists ANTI-IMPERIALIST ANTI-FOREIGNERS

  5. Intermittent Civil War Global National Identity Crisis: China PROBLEM: Revolutionaryand nationalist uprising in response to increasing Western influence and threat= Fall of Qing Empire 1911 (Puyi) Road to a SOLUTION: Dr Sun Yat Sen (1866-1925) = PROCLAIMED Chinese republic 1912 Chinese republic failed = control fell into hands of warlords “The continued sway of unequal treaties and other concessions permitted foreigners to intervene in Chinese society. Foreigners did not control the state but through their privileges, they impaired its sovereignty.” World War I = Missed opportunity: no support for Chinese self-determination – thought end of war would end unequal treaties but instead supported further Japanese aggression = May Fourth Movement (Chinese rebel) Communism = Chinese Communist Party 1921 Mao Zedong Nationalists = Sun Yatsen then Chiang Kai-Shek (1887-1975)

  6. Deshima, known as Dejima in Japanese, was a small artificial island in Nagasaki Bay (approximately 150 feet by 500 feet) on the southwestern Japanese island of Kyushu. From 1641 to 1845, Deshima served as the sole conduit of trade between Europe and Japan, and during the period of self-imposed Japanese seclusion (approximately 1639-1854) was Japan's only major link to the European world. Closed Country Edicts 1635 and 1639 JAPAN

  7. JAPAN: Commodore Perry 1853 and Unequal Treaties Japan had a history of successful imitation and China did not. Meiji Restoration 1868 ended Tokugawa Shogunate European style military Modernized the infrastructure (postal system) New public health measures/ population increase 1872 Mass public education system 1890s Massive industrialization (zaibatsu) Supported consumer culture/ department stores

  8. But……

  9. Treaty of Kanagawa: • March 31, 1854 • 1. Peace and friendship between the United States and Japan. • 2. Opening of two ports to American ships at Shimoda and Hakodate • 3. Help for any American ships wrecked on the Japanese coast and • protection for shipwrecked persons • Permission for American ships to buy supplies, coal, water, • and other necessary provisions in Japanese ports.

  10. C 30 sec 3 (pages 920-924)

  11. Mao Zedong 1893-1976 Cultural Revolution 1966: “its stated goal was to enforce socialism in the country by removing capitalist, traditional and cultural elements from Chinese society” Great Leap Forward 1949

  12. Four Pests Campaign 1958

  13. Mao Zedong 1893-1976

  14. Deng Xiaoping 1904-1997

  15. Tiananmen Square • More Freedoms • Inspired by movement toward economic freedom • Chinese demanded more political freedom • Pro-Democracy Protestors • Spring 1989, democratic reforms in Eastern Europe • One million pro-democracy protestors occupied Beijing’s Tiananmen Square • Leaders Impatient • China’s leaders repeatedly asked protestors to leave square • Protestors remained, met with force • Freedom Had Not Arrived • June 1989, tanks, troops moved into square • Killed protestors in Tiananmen Square Massacre

  16. Economic Development Other Challenges • Economic growth has not reached all China’s 1.3 billion people • To prevent further population growth, Chinese government encourages families to have only one child • Large population, rapidly expanding industries • High demands on resources, environment • Imports coal, iron ore, oil, natural gas to meet energy needs China Today China’s economy has grown rapidly as market reforms have continued. Today, China’s economy is the second largest in the world, behind only the United States. As the economy has improved, so has the standard of living for many Chinese. This has caused shortages and higher costs for these resources on the global market, as well as air and water pollution within China.

  17. Human Rights Issues Human rights abuses another concern for critics of China • Chinese government continues to limit free speech, religious freedoms • Exercises strict control over the media • Political protestors can be jailed • Nation’s courts accused of failing to provide fair trials • Critics increased calls for reforms after Beijing chosen to host 2008 Olympic Games

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