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CHAPTER 23

CHAPTER 23. THE NEW FRONTIER AND THE GREAT SOCIETY. CH. 23 - SECT.1. ELECTION OF 1960 JOHN F. KENNEDY (DEM.) VS. RICHARD NIXON (REP.) TV DEBATE - FIRST EVER ISSUES - ECONOMY AND COLD WAR VERY CLOSE ELECTION BUT JFK WON WHY WOULD A TV DEBATE FAVOR JFK OVER NIXON? OLD VS. YOUNG

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CHAPTER 23

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  1. CHAPTER 23 THE NEW FRONTIER AND THE GREAT SOCIETY

  2. CH. 23 - SECT.1 • ELECTION OF 1960 • JOHN F. KENNEDY (DEM.) VS. RICHARD NIXON (REP.) • TV DEBATE - FIRST EVER • ISSUES - ECONOMY AND COLD WAR VERY CLOSE ELECTION BUT JFK WON • WHY WOULD A TV DEBATE FAVOR JFK OVER NIXON? • OLD VS. YOUNG • POOR QUAKER FAMILY VS. WEALTHY AFFLUENT FAMILY • ATTRACTIVE VS. UNATTRACTIVE

  3. KENNEDY • During his campaign JFK exposed the public to the “missile gap” - the fact we lagged behind the USSR in technology • Inauguration Day - “Ask not what your country can do for you - ask what you can do for your country” • Domestic front “New Frontier” - objective was to aid education, health insurance for the elderly, Department of Urban Affairs, help migrant workers. • Difficult to pass - big Gov., too costly

  4. KENNEDY • Things he did get passed: • 1. Allowed to deficit spend - spend money on credit • 2. Spending for defense and space • 3. Tax cut, min. wage to $1.25. • 4. Advanced rights for women • Esther Peterson - assistant sec. of labor • Created Presidential Commission on the Status of Women - called for federal action for equal pay

  5. Warren Court • Miranda vs. Arizona

  6. Supreme Court • Earl Warren - chief justice • Activist - one man, one vote • Reapportionment - changed the way political districts are divided, power shifted to urban areas (cities) - Reynolds v. Sims “one man, one vote”

  7. Supreme Court • Began to apply 14th Amendment to states “No state shall deprive any person of life, liberty, or property without due process of law” • Gideon v. Wainwright - right to a lawyer • Miranda v. Arizona - must read suspects their rights (Miranda warnings) • Several cases reaffirmed separation of church and state - limited prayer in school

  8. Ch. 23 - sect. 2JFK and the Cold War • Kennedy believed Eisenhower relied to heavily on nuclear weapons - massive retaliation • “Flexible Response” - JFK’s belief that the U.S. had to help countries in other ways • -build up conventional weapons and troops • - created special forces “Green Beret”

  9. Aid to other countries • JFK believed that poor conditions in Latin American countries spurred corruption and overthrows • Alliance for Progress - cooperative aid projects in Latin America ($20 billion) • Peace Corp- organization that sent young Americans to perform humanitarian projects

  10. Space Race • U.S. and USSR competing for dominance in space • Neal Armstrong -1st person to step on moon • Alan Sheppard - 1st American launched into space • John Glenn - 1st American to orbit the earth

  11. Crisis of the Cold War • Bay of Pigs Invasion - Cuba • Fidel Castro overthrew Batista in Cuba (1959) and Cuba became allies with the USSR. • Eisenhower told CIA to begin training Cuban exiles - La Brigada • Kennedy approved the plan • April 17, 1961 Bay of Pigs invasion begins and ends in disaster

  12. Bay of Pigs • Why was it such a disaster? • 1. Castro had been warned they were coming • 2. Boats had a lot of trouble in the bay • 3. The people of Cuba never rose up and turned against Castro • 4. U.S. command post cancels air support and leaves the exiles to be killed or captured

  13. Bay of Pigs Invasion

  14. Berlin Wall Goes Up • Germans were leaving East Germany and moving to West Germany • 1961 Nikita Khruschev built the Berlin Wall to stop this, stayed up until 1989 • Wall was 12 ft. high / 4 feet wide and 96 miles long • 231 people were killed trying to escape

  15. Cuban Missile Crisis • CIA brings JFK pictures of missile launching pads being constructed in Cuba by the Soviet Union • Robert Kennedy - JFK’s brother and Attorney General • Robert proposed a Naval Blockade around Cuba • Oct. 22 , 1962 blockade begins - The President informs the country • Khruschev agrees to remove the bases if : • U.S. removes their bases in Turkey • U.S. agreed to leave Cuba alone

  16. Cuban Missile Crisis

  17. Kennedy Assassination • November 22, 1963 - Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas, Texas • Accused - Lee Harvey Oswald • Shot from the book depository (3 shots fired) • Jack Ruby - Dallas nightclub owner shot Oswald while he was being transferred

  18. Conspiracy Theory • Did Lee Harvey Oswald actually act alone? • Warren Commission - group set up by government to investigate the shooting • Earl Warren - Chief Justice of the Supreme Court in charge of the investigation • -found that Oswald acted alone • Lyndon B. Johnson (JFK’s VP) - became President in 1963

  19. Ch. 23 - sect. 3 • Lyndon Johnson is the only President ever sworn in on Air Force One • Brought 26 years of political experience to the Presidency • He was able to get things done - help bring consensus to Gov. - general agreement • Anti- poverty campaign - passed the Economic Opportunity Act - help fight poverty and create jobs

  20. Sect. 3 continued • 1964 Election • LBJ (Dem) vs. Barry Goldwater (Rep) • LBJ won in a landslide • GREAT SOCIETY - LBJ’s vision that the U.S. should work for a better society • Major Great Society Programs: • Civil rights act, Medicare, Medicaid, head start, housing, clean air • Robert Weaver - 1st African American to serve in a cabinet position - Sec. of Labor

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